View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Vapour and Combined Power Cycle
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Rankine Cycle
Rankine cycle is an ideal cycle for Vapour Power Cycles and is normally used for Electricity Generation.
The Rankine cycle consist of following steps:
1 ↝ 2 : Isentropic Compression in Pump.
2 ↝ 3 : Constant Pressure Heat Addition in Boiler.
3 ↝ 4 : IsentropicExpansion in Turbine.
4 ↝ 1 : Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser.
Energy Balance:
Since, all the devices which Rankine Cycle posses are steady flow devices, so the energy balance for Rankine cycle is:
》For Pump ( q = 0 ):
》For Boiler ( w = 0 ):
》For Turbine ( q = 0 ):
》For condenser ( w = 0 ):
The thermal efficiency of Rankine Cycle is:
How can we Increase the Efficiency of A Rankine Cycle:
The efficiency of a Rankine cycle can be increased:
Increasing the avg. temperate at which heat is added
Decreasing the avg. Temperature at which heat is rejected.
The above two objectives can be achieved by following three methods:
1. By Superheating the steam in the Boiler:
By superheating the fluid, the area W2 is added, so increase its efficiency.
2. By Increasing Boiler Pressure:
By increasing the boiler pressure, the area W2 is added, so increase its efficiency.
3. By Decreasing the Condenser Pressure:
By Decreasing the condenser pressure, the area W2 is added, so increase its efficiency.
Boilers
A fuel-burning apparatus or container used for heating water is called Boiler.
Types of Boilers:
There are many types of boilers but commonly used boilers in Industries are:
1. Fire-Tube Boilers:
In fire-tube boiler, flue gases or combustion gases are inside the tubes and water will be in the shell. They are big in size, require much time for heat transfer, require greater maintanences and are suitable for low pressure industrial applications.
2. Water-Tube Boilers:
In water-tube boiler, water is inside the tubes and hot gases will be in the shell. They are small in size, require not much time for heat transfer, require less maintanences and are suitable for high pressure industrial applications.
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure:
It states that:
Total pressure of a cylinder is equal to the sum of pressure of individual gases.
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Introduction To Structural OR Concrete Design Beams must have adequate strength against different types of failure which are: Shear more dangerous than Flexural (or Bending) failure because it creates additional tensile stresses. E.g.: Airplane wing (act as cantilever beam ) and made of Nanocomposites, composites, aluminum. Following are the types of failures in Beam: Flexural (or bending) failure Diagonal Tension failure Shear-Tension failure Shear-Compression failure Following are the types of Shear : Longitudinal Shear Transverse Shear Shear Failure Diagonal Tension Failure ↠ Shear failure of reinforced concrete beam (difficult to predict). Only valid for Homogenous beams . When we apply load on beam ↠ Bending as well as Shear stresses are produced. Shear stress have maximum value at Neutral axis N.A. Bending stress have maximum value at Extreme fibers. At maximum bending stress ↠ shear stress = 0 . Assumptions for shear stresses i...
Strain Energy or Resilence It is defined as, " energy absorbed in a body when deformation is done on material " . Depend on Material . Strain Energy Density is defined as, " strain energy per unit volume " . Independent of material . Used to tell which deformation component is greater with direction. If greater in specific direction ↔ crack propagates in that direction. Stress (in Dynamic effect) > Stress (in Static effect) Types of Loading Energy Conservation It states that, " Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can transfer in other forms " . We only deal with mechanical energy. External work = internal energy or strain energy . If this external force is in elastic limit, strain energy restores body back to its original undeformed position. Note: For Castigliano's Theorem ↔ See Energy Method . With the application of force on Car chassis , How it behaves? References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Engineering Mec...
Gear Generation by Machining Tooth profile is provided by much simpler form cutting tool through hobbing, gear shaping. It involves the following methods: Gear Hobbing Gear Shaping 1. Gear Hobbing It is defined as, " a machining process in which gear teeth are progressively generated by a series of cuts with a helical cutting tool " . Most accurate machining process. Used for gears production because it has excellent surface finish. Continuous Indexing Process ↠ in which both cutting tool and workpiece rotate in constant relationship while hob is being fed into work. Feed Directions The direction of feed during hobbing operation depends upon the type of gear to be cut. Following are the types of feed directions: Axial Feeding ↠ cutting spur and helical gears (Hob axis is parallel to Blank axis). Radial Feeding ↠ for bevel gears (Hob axis is perpendicular to Blank axis). Tangential Feeding ↠ for worm, straight, spiral...
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