Mr. Education

FUEL Fuel is defined as, Any combustible substance which during combustion gives a large amount of heat for industrial and domestic use.   Classification of Fuels:  (A) Types on the basis of Occurrence: There are two types of fuel on the basis of occurrence: I- Natural Fuels (Primary Fuel) : Fuels which occurs in nature. For example: wood, coal, peat, lignite, anthracite, natural gas, etc. II- Artificial Fuels (Secondary Fuel) : Fuels which are derived from primary fuel. For example: liquefied petroleum gas(LPG), coke, gasoline, etc. (B) Types on the basis of Physical State: I- Solid Fuel : wood, sand, coal, anthracite, etc. II- Liquid Fuel : gasoline, coal tar, alcohol, etc. III- Gaseous Fuel : LPG, coal gas, coke, oven gas, etc. Characteristic of a Good Fuel: Characteristics of a good fuel are as follows: High Calorific Value : Direct measure of its efficiency. Moderate Ignition Temperature : It is the minimum temperature to which...

Metallurgy Metallurgy is an art, science and technique of extracting metals from their ores and to give them certain desired properties for use. Steps for Metal Extraction: Steps taken for the Extraction of metals from their ores are as follows: 1. Pulverization or Crushing or Grinding of ore : It is a mechanical process used to convert huge lumps of ore into powdered form.  Another process comes just after crushing the ore is sewing which means to separate particle ores from undesired particles.  2. Concentration of Ore (Benefication, dressing or conditioning of ore) : This process involves the concentration of ores i.e separation of ores from hard impurities. (a) Lavigation or Gravity Suppression: This process is generally used for oxide ore and is used when impurity and ore particles are differ by weight.  (b) Froth-Floatation Process: This process is generally used for sulphide ores. The ore particles is separated from impuritie...

Thermochemistry  Thermochemistry is the branch of thermodynamics which deals with the heat changes accompanying chemical and physical change.  There are two types of energies K.E and P.E in every system and other energies are formed due to their inter-conversion.  The energy appeared in thermochemistry is in the form of heat and work done.  A beaker full of ice cubes melts and in this scenario heat goes into the system from sorrounding. A hot cup of tea cools down and in this scenario heat flows out of the system. Internal Energy (E) : Internal energy is defined as: The total sum of Kinetic and potential energies of a system.  Internal Energy = K.E + P.E Enthalpy (H) : Enthalpy is defined as: The sum of Kinetic and potential energies of a system at constant pressure.   The difference between internal energy and enthalpy is explained in the video given below: Calorimetry : Calorimetry is a tec...

Liquid These states of matter have the basic difference in their Kinetic energies.  Surface Tension: Surface Tension is defined as: The elastic tendency of a fluid surface to acquire minimum surface area.  Surface Tension is inversely proportional to temperature.  Surface Tension of a liquif is measured by Stalagmometer (Drop Pipette).  It is a force acting perpendicular in the opposite direction of weight.  Methods to Study Surface Tension: There are two methods to study surface tension, namely: 1. Capillary Rise method 2. Drop Formation method 1. Capillary Rise Method: The formula for the surface tension by capillary rise method is given by: This formula is derived and explained in the video given below: 2. Drop Formation Method: This study is based on the formation of drop.  Surface Tension exist at outer circumference.  Surface Tension is inversely proportional to the weight (volume) of liquid....