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Rankine Cycle  Rankine cycle is an ideal cycle for Vapour Power Cycles and is normally used for Electricity Generation. The Rankine cycle consist of following steps: 1 ↝ 2 : Isentropic Compression in Pump. 2 ↝ 3 : Constant Pressure Heat Addition in Boiler. 3 ↝ 4 : IsentropicExpansion in Turbine. 4 ↝ 1 : Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser. Energy Balance: Since, all the devices which Rankine Cycle posses are steady flow devices, so the energy balance for Rankine cycle is: 》For Pump ( q = 0 ): 》For Boiler ( w = 0 ): 》For Turbine ( q = 0 ): 》For condenser ( w = 0 ): The thermal efficiency of Rankine Cycle is: How can we Increase the Efficiency of A Rankine Cycle: The efficiency of a Rankine cycle can be increased: Increasing the avg. temperate at which heat is added  Decreasing the avg. Temperature  at which heat is rejected. The above two objectives can be achieved by following three met...

Air Standard Assumption: The assumptions are as follows: The working fluid is air which continuously circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas. All the process are internally reversible. The combustion process is replaced by a heat addition process from an external source. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat rejection process that restores the working fluid to its initial state. Cold Air Assumption: This assumption us to simplify the analysis even more by assuming that air has constant specific heats whose values are determined at room temperature. An Overview of the Reciprocating Engines: The important topics you should understand to make this topic clear are: Top Dead Centre (TDC) ➤ top's maximum point of piston having minimum volume. Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) ➤ bottom's maximum point of piston having maximum volume. Bore ➤ Internal Diameter of piston. Stroke ➤ Distance travelled between TDC and BDC by piston. I...

Entropy:  It is defined as;  Measure of irreversibilities or randomness of the system. Clausius Inequality: The clausius inequality is developed from the Kelvin-Planck statement of the 2nd Law and can be expressed as: The inequality of clausius is a consequence of the 2nd Law of thermodynamics. Where;  Q is the heat transfer to or from the system. T is the absolute temperature at the boundary. The symbol ∮ is the cyclic integral. For total reversible and for internally Reversible: A special case of Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Process: In Isothermal Process, temperature doesn't change (so it is treated as constant) Entropy change will be positive or negative when: For heat transfered  ↝  Entropy is positive For heat rejected  ↝  Entropy is negative Increase of Entropy Principle: The total Entropy is given by: Now, for the the process 1 to 2 and 2 to 1 is given by: Entropy...