View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
Get link
Facebook
X
Pinterest
Email
Other Apps
Orthographic Projections
Get link
Facebook
X
Pinterest
Email
Other Apps
-
Projection:
The term Projection is defined as:
Presentation of an image or an object on a surface.
The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables:
Line of Sight.
Plane of Projection.
Line of Sight & Plane of Projection:
Line of sight is divided into 2 types:
Parallel Projection
Converging Projection
&
A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected.
Orthographic Projection:
When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection.
The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen.
The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP).
The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors.
Rules of Orthographic Projection:
Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines.
Edges that are inclined to a plane of projection appear as foreshortened lines.
Curved edges project as straight lines on the plane of projection to which they are perpendicular.
Curved edges project as curved lines on the planes to which they are parallel or inclined.
Normal surfaces appear as an edge in two opposite principal views, and appear as surface in all other principal views.
Inclined surfaces appear as an edge in two opposite principal views, and appear foreshortened in all other principal views.
Six Principal Views of Orthographic Projection:
Six principal view of orthographic projection are:
How We Draw Views Of Orthographic Projection:
The figure shows how we draw views of orthographic projection and co-relate them with each other.
How We Choose The Front View:
It is the most important step taken when you start to draw views of Orthographic Projections. You should follow guidelines to get your path correct.
Front view should have minimum hidden lines.
The view should be stable.
Most basic profile should be used.
Types Of Projections:
There are two types of projections, namely:
First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
1. First Angle Projection:
2. Third Angle Projection:
Symbols Of Angles of Projections:
You should draw these symbols if you are going to draw views of Orthographic Projection.
Gear Generation by Machining Tooth profile is provided by much simpler form cutting tool through hobbing, gear shaping. It involves the following methods: Gear Hobbing Gear Shaping 1. Gear Hobbing It is defined as, " a machining process in which gear teeth are progressively generated by a series of cuts with a helical cutting tool " . Most accurate machining process. Used for gears production because it has excellent surface finish. Continuous Indexing Process ↠ in which both cutting tool and workpiece rotate in constant relationship while hob is being fed into work. Feed Directions The direction of feed during hobbing operation depends upon the type of gear to be cut. Following are the types of feed directions: Axial Feeding ↠ cutting spur and helical gears (Hob axis is parallel to Blank axis). Radial Feeding ↠ for bevel gears (Hob axis is perpendicular to Blank axis). Tangential Feeding ↠ for worm, straight, spiral...
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
Introduction To Structural OR Concrete Design Beams must have adequate strength against different types of failure which are: Shear more dangerous than Flexural (or Bending) failure because it creates additional tensile stresses. E.g.: Airplane wing (act as cantilever beam ) and made of Nanocomposites, composites, aluminum. Following are the types of failures in Beam: Flexural (or bending) failure Diagonal Tension failure Shear-Tension failure Shear-Compression failure Following are the types of Shear : Longitudinal Shear Transverse Shear Shear Failure Diagonal Tension Failure ↠ Shear failure of reinforced concrete beam (difficult to predict). Only valid for Homogenous beams . When we apply load on beam ↠ Bending as well as Shear stresses are produced. Shear stress have maximum value at Neutral axis N.A. Bending stress have maximum value at Extreme fibers. At maximum bending stress ↠ shear stress = 0 . Assumptions for shear stresses i...
Comments
Post a Comment
HI, we wI'll contact you later