View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Turbomachinery
It is defined as, "a dynamic fluid machine that adds energy to or extracts energy from the fluid".
Mechanical energy of rotation (rotation) ←Transfer→ fluid flow energy.
Mainly deals with two turbomachine pumps and turbine.
Usually a motor exerts a torque by using blades to force the fluid to move.
Turbines(which is the source of power):
Which extracts energy from the working fluid.
Fluid pushes the machine and produce shaft power.
Classification On The Basis Of Flow Direction
Turbomachines are classified on the basis of flow directions:
Radial Flow machine ↔ fluid flows in radial direction.
Axial Flow machine ↔ fluid flows along component axis.
Mixed Flow machine ↔ some machine have both radial and axial components.
Working Principle
During the fluid-blade interaction, either the fluid is pushed or the blade is pushed due to which energy transfer takes place which will increase/decrease fluid stream velocity.
Pump ↔ Velocity is increased in the direction of the rotation of the rotor.
Turbine ↔ Velocity is increased in the direction opposite to the rotation of the rotor.
High speed rotating impeller throws the incoming liquid radially outward due to centrifugal effect.
There are 2 main components of centrifugal pump:
Impeller (Rotating) ↔ rotates and throws fluid outward.
Casing with a Volute Chamber (Stationary) ↔ fluids impart energy with increasing area.
Working Principle
As impeller rotates, the fluid at the center is impelled outwards due to centrifugal force.
Empty spaces creates a suction (or negative) pressure for the incoming fluid, which fills the center space.
The fluid is discharged into the purposefully designed volute chamber (Velocity reduced, Pressure increased as Area increased) to overcome pumping system resistance.
Priming ↔ filling all the part up with water before it is started (initiates working).
Centrifugal Pump Configurations
Centrifugal pumps are divided into the following types:
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
Strain Transformation Principal Strain and stresses can occur in the same directions. Material Properties Relation (Young, bulk Rigidity Modulus) ⇼ Hooke's Law General State of Strain ⇼ Є X , Є Y , Є Z and ૪ X , ૪ Y , ૪ Z . Stress (normal or shear)/ Strain (normal or shear) ⇼ vary with element orientation. Transformation equations for Plane strain derived from: Interpretation of Experimental measurements Represent in graphical form for plane strain (Mohr's Circle). Geometry and independent of material properties. Mohr's Circle It is defined as., " A graphical method for determining normal and shear Shear stresses without using the stress transformation equations " . While considering the circle CCW ⇼ Shear strain positive upward & Normal strain positive towards right. The construction of Mohr's circle (with normal and shear stresses are known) is quite easy which include following steps: Draw a set o...
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