View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Turbomachinery_Pumps
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Turbomachinery
It is defined as, "a dynamic fluid machine that adds energy to or extracts energy from the fluid".
Mechanical energy of rotation (rotation) ←Transfer→ fluid flow energy.
Mainly deals with two turbomachine pumps and turbine.
Usually a motor exerts a torque by using blades to force the fluid to move.
Turbines(which is the source of power):
Which extracts energy from the working fluid.
Fluid pushes the machine and produce shaft power.
Classification On The Basis Of Flow Direction
Turbomachines are classified on the basis of flow directions:
Radial Flow machine ↔ fluid flows in radial direction.
Axial Flow machine ↔ fluid flows along component axis.
Mixed Flow machine ↔ some machine have both radial and axial components.
Working Principle
During the fluid-blade interaction, either the fluid is pushed or the blade is pushed due to which energy transfer takes place which will increase/decrease fluid stream velocity.
Pump ↔ Velocity is increased in the direction of the rotation of the rotor.
Turbine ↔ Velocity is increased in the direction opposite to the rotation of the rotor.
High speed rotating impeller throws the incoming liquid radially outward due to centrifugal effect.
There are 2 main components of centrifugal pump:
Impeller (Rotating) ↔ rotates and throws fluid outward.
Casing with a Volute Chamber (Stationary) ↔ fluids impart energy with increasing area.
Working Principle
As impeller rotates, the fluid at the center is impelled outwards due to centrifugal force.
Empty spaces creates a suction (or negative) pressure for the incoming fluid, which fills the center space.
The fluid is discharged into the purposefully designed volute chamber (Velocity reduced, Pressure increased as Area increased) to overcome pumping system resistance.
Priming ↔ filling all the part up with water before it is started (initiates working).
Centrifugal Pump Configurations
Centrifugal pumps are divided into the following types:
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Types Of Lines And Its Uses: There are three types of types on the basis of thickness and they are: Visible Lines ↝ It represents features that can be seen in the current view. Hidden Lines ↝ It represents features that cannot be seen in the current view. Center Line ↝ It represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,, axis of asymmetrical parts. Dimension and Extension Lines ↝ It indicates the sizes and location of features on a drawing. Placement Of Dimension Lines: Dimension should be outside the view. Dimension should be applied to one view. Dimension should be placed in a view that shows the distance in its true length. Dimension lines should be placed, in general 10 mm (1/2 in) away from the outlines from the view. Parallel lines should be placed uniformly. Values should be midway (auto centered) between the arrow heads, except when a center-line interferes. Dime...
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
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