View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions.
Deformable Body Mechanics:
It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load.
Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load.
Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles.
Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body.
Types of Load:
Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load.
Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam.
Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate.
Moment ⇾ It measures the tendency of a body to rotate.
Distribution Of Forces:
Normal Force (N) ⇾ Force applied perpendicular to the area and is developed when external loads tend to push or pull the body.
Shear Force (V) ⇾ Force applied parallel to the area and is developed when external loads tend to slide.
Torsional Moment OR Torque (T) ⇾ External Force tends to twist a body.
Bending Moment (M) ⇾ External loads that tend to bend due to transverse loading.
Important Terms:
Transverse Loading ⇾ Load applied perpendicular to the axis of body.
Supports ⇾ Elements used to restrict motion of member.
Reactions⇾ These are forces produced due to those restrictions.
Degree of Freedom (DOF) ⇾ Number of independent coordinates in which an object can move.
Equilibrium of Forces ⇾ It prevents body from translating and having accelerated motion.
Equilibrium of Moment ⇾ It prevents body from rotating.
Procedure of Analysis:
Resultant internal force are required and can be found by the Method of Sections (require determinations of support reactions and resultant internal loads using equilibrium equations).
Steps are as follows:
Draw free-body diagrams using all external distributed loadings, couple moments, torques, forces at exact locations.
Determination of support reactions.
Determination of resultant internal force and moments using equilibrium equations.
References:
Material from Class Lectures + Book named Engineering Mechanics of Materials by R.C. Hibbeler (10th Edition) + my knowledge.
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Advance High Strength Steel Conventional low carbon mild steel has simpler ferritic structure (α-iron) and good ductility. Common type of HSS is High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) ⇥ has yield strength 550 - 690 N/sq.mm . Manganese ⇥ supporter (stabilizer) of ferrite. Conventional HSS : Is single-phase ferritic steel with a potential for some pearlite in C-Mn steel. Lower strain hardening capacity. Advance HSS : primarily steel with a microstructure containing a phase other than ferrite, pearlite, cementite. Higher strain hardening capacity. Case Study of Automobile There are three different zones in a car: Crumple Zone (Front & Back) Middle Compartment Safety Cage Some important points about these zones are: Crumple Zone ⇥ Made with those materials which absorb maximum amount of energy. Safety Cage ⇥ Multiple areas (like cabins, structural elements). Areas of Safety cage are described ahead: Cabins (Blue Areas) ⇥ Should have high streng...
Air-Standard Cycle Assumptions: The actual cycle is rather more complicated so we deduce it by considering following assumptions: The working fluid is air which continuously flow in a closed loop and act as ideal gas. All process are internally reversible . Combustion process is replaced by Heat addition process. Exhaust process is replaced by Heat rejection process. Here we are discussing 4 main cycles, namely: Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Heat Addition Cycle Diesel Cycle or Constant Pressure Heat Addition Cycle Dual Cycle Brayton Cycle 1. Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Heat Addition Cycle: The information about the diagram is given by: 1 ➤ 2: Isentropic Compression 2 ➤ 3: Constant Volume Heat Addition 3 ➤ 4: Isentropic Expansion 4 ➤ 1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection A. Efficiency of Otto Cycle: The efficiency of Otto Cycle is given by clicking the picture below: B. Work Output of Otto Cycle: The work output of ...
Comments
Post a Comment
HI, we wI'll contact you later