View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions.
Deformable Body Mechanics:
It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load.
Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load.
Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles.
Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body.
Types of Load:
Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load.
Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam.
Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate.
Moment ⇾ It measures the tendency of a body to rotate.
Distribution Of Forces:
Normal Force (N) ⇾ Force applied perpendicular to the area and is developed when external loads tend to push or pull the body.
Shear Force (V) ⇾ Force applied parallel to the area and is developed when external loads tend to slide.
Torsional Moment OR Torque (T) ⇾ External Force tends to twist a body.
Bending Moment (M) ⇾ External loads that tend to bend due to transverse loading.
Important Terms:
Transverse Loading ⇾ Load applied perpendicular to the axis of body.
Supports ⇾ Elements used to restrict motion of member.
Reactions⇾ These are forces produced due to those restrictions.
Degree of Freedom (DOF) ⇾ Number of independent coordinates in which an object can move.
Equilibrium of Forces ⇾ It prevents body from translating and having accelerated motion.
Equilibrium of Moment ⇾ It prevents body from rotating.
Procedure of Analysis:
Resultant internal force are required and can be found by the Method of Sections (require determinations of support reactions and resultant internal loads using equilibrium equations).
Steps are as follows:
Draw free-body diagrams using all external distributed loadings, couple moments, torques, forces at exact locations.
Determination of support reactions.
Determination of resultant internal force and moments using equilibrium equations.
References:
Material from Class Lectures + Book named Engineering Mechanics of Materials by R.C. Hibbeler (10th Edition) + my knowledge.
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are inclined to a plan
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the temperature at which the tape is standardized. L = the measure length in m. For Foot Unit : C t = 6.45×10^-6 (T m – 68 )L For Metric Unit : C t = 1.16
ENGINEERING SURVEY Surveying is the science, art and technology of determine the relative positions of points above, on or beneath the Earth's surface so as to construct a map, plan or description. TYPES OF SURVEY : There are many types of survey but we discuss some of them. 1. Plane & Geodatic Survey : Ordinary field and topographical surveying in which the Curvature of Earth's surface is disregarded is called Plane Survey. It is performed when the area is smaller than 250sq.km. A survey of a large land area in which corrections are made for the Curvature of Earth's surface is called Geodatic survey. Why Geodatic Survey is important? Earth's surface is not flat, it is sphere. So all the calculations which were made by considering the Earth's surface flat are incorrect. So a new type of survey came into play which made calculations on the basis of geodatic condition of Earth's surface. 2. Topographic Survey : Topographic surv
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