View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions.
Deformable Body Mechanics:
It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load.
Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load.
Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles.
Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body.
Types of Load:
Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load.
Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam.
Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate.
Moment ⇾ It measures the tendency of a body to rotate.
Distribution Of Forces:
Normal Force (N) ⇾ Force applied perpendicular to the area and is developed when external loads tend to push or pull the body.
Shear Force (V) ⇾ Force applied parallel to the area and is developed when external loads tend to slide.
Torsional Moment OR Torque (T) ⇾ External Force tends to twist a body.
Bending Moment (M) ⇾ External loads that tend to bend due to transverse loading.
Important Terms:
Transverse Loading ⇾ Load applied perpendicular to the axis of body.
Supports ⇾ Elements used to restrict motion of member.
Reactions⇾ These are forces produced due to those restrictions.
Degree of Freedom (DOF) ⇾ Number of independent coordinates in which an object can move.
Equilibrium of Forces ⇾ It prevents body from translating and having accelerated motion.
Equilibrium of Moment ⇾ It prevents body from rotating.
Procedure of Analysis:
Resultant internal force are required and can be found by the Method of Sections (require determinations of support reactions and resultant internal loads using equilibrium equations).
Steps are as follows:
Draw free-body diagrams using all external distributed loadings, couple moments, torques, forces at exact locations.
Determination of support reactions.
Determination of resultant internal force and moments using equilibrium equations.
References:
Material from Class Lectures + Book named Engineering Mechanics of Materials by R.C. Hibbeler (10th Edition) + my knowledge.
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Center of Gravity: It is defined as; The resultant weight of a system which passes through a single point is called Center of Gravity ( G ). Center of Mass: It is defined as; The point at which the whole mass of the system acts. The concept of center of mass is cleared from the video given below: Centroid of a Volume: Objects having three dimensions have the centroid which is its geometric centre. Centroid of an Area: Objects having two dimensions have the centroid which is its geometric centre. Centroid of a Line: Objects having linear dimensions have the centroid which is its geometric centre. Composite Bodies: A composite body consists of a series of connected simpler shaped Bodies which may be rectangular, triangular, semicircular, etc. References: www.youtube.com www.wikipedia.com http://web.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/statics/doc/friction/Friction1.htm From Book Engineering Mechanics sta...
Moving Boundary Work: The expansion and compression work associated with a piston cylinder device in which boundary moves is called Moving Boundary Work. Area under the Process curve on a PV Diagram: From the above figure, the differential area is the product of pressure and differential volume. So the area under the Process curve is given by: The area under the Process cure on a PV Diagram is Moving Boundary Work. Moving Boundary Work in A constant Volume Process: Moving boundary work is given by: Moving Boundary Work for a Constant Pressure Process: Moving Boundary Work is given by: Moving Boundary Work for an Isothermal Process: A thermodynamic process in which temperature remains constant durine the heat transfer is called Isothermal Process. Moving Boundary Work is given by: Where; PV = mRT If temperature is constant,then PV = c P = c/V Moving Boundary Work for P...
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