View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Isometric Projection Of Solids
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Isometric Drawing:
A type of pictorial projection in which all three dimensions of an object are shown in one view.
In this 3-D drawing of an object, all three dimensional axes are maintained at equal inclinations with each other , i.e. 120 degrees.
All mutual perpendicular plane surfaces of an object and the edges formed by these surfaces are equally inclined to POP.
When orthographic views are given, a good imagination is needed to visualize the object in 3-D space.
Some Important Terms:
The angle between these axes are equal i.e. 120 degrees, so called Isometric Axes.
The line parallel to these axes are called Isometric Lines.
The planes representing the cube are called Isometric Planes.
The reduction is approximately 0.815. It forms a reducing scale which is used to draw isometric projection and is called Isometric Scale.
True-length Distances are shown along isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to any of the isometric axes.
Types Of Isometric Drawings:
There are two types of isometric drawing, namely:
Isometric Projections.
Isometric Views.
1. Isometric Projections:
All the edges of the cube are equally inclined to the plane of projection, they get equally foreshortened in isometric projection.
2. Isometric Views:
It is way by which you can represent your shapes into 3-D view.
Isometric Of Plane Figures:
For 2-D figures only two isometric axes are required.
Shape containing inclined lines should be enclosed in a rectangle
Draw isometric of the rectangle and then inscribe that shape in it.
Example of Isometric Projection:
How we convert orthographic views into isometric projection is completely described by the video given below:
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
Diffusion It is defined as, " The transportation of one atom from one state into other state " . Used for hardening of surfaces like die parts, gear, bolt, machine element. Hardening can be done using Temperature-Heat treatment ( diffusion couple ). There are two types of diffusion: Inter-diffusion ↔ in which atoms tend to migrate from region of high concentration to low concentration . Self-diffusion ↔ in which atoms migrate within a solid. Diffusion Mechanism There can be two conditions of moving atoms Empty spaces between adjacent sites. Atoms have sufficient energy to break bond with neighbors atoms which cause lattice distortion during displacement. If we rise temperature, small fractions of atoms is capable of diffusive motion (which cause lattice distortion). Types of Diffusion 1. Vacancy Diffusion It is defined as, " interchange of an atom from a normal lattice position to the adjacent vacant lattice site " . Extent of vacancy diffusion is a function...
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