View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Isometric Projection Of Solids
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Isometric Drawing:
A type of pictorial projection in which all three dimensions of an object are shown in one view.
In this 3-D drawing of an object, all three dimensional axes are maintained at equal inclinations with each other , i.e. 120 degrees.
All mutual perpendicular plane surfaces of an object and the edges formed by these surfaces are equally inclined to POP.
When orthographic views are given, a good imagination is needed to visualize the object in 3-D space.
Some Important Terms:
The angle between these axes are equal i.e. 120 degrees, so called Isometric Axes.
The line parallel to these axes are called Isometric Lines.
The planes representing the cube are called Isometric Planes.
The reduction is approximately 0.815. It forms a reducing scale which is used to draw isometric projection and is called Isometric Scale.
True-length Distances are shown along isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to any of the isometric axes.
Types Of Isometric Drawings:
There are two types of isometric drawing, namely:
Isometric Projections.
Isometric Views.
1. Isometric Projections:
All the edges of the cube are equally inclined to the plane of projection, they get equally foreshortened in isometric projection.
2. Isometric Views:
It is way by which you can represent your shapes into 3-D view.
Isometric Of Plane Figures:
For 2-D figures only two isometric axes are required.
Shape containing inclined lines should be enclosed in a rectangle
Draw isometric of the rectangle and then inscribe that shape in it.
Example of Isometric Projection:
How we convert orthographic views into isometric projection is completely described by the video given below:
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the temperature at which the tape is standardized. L = the measure length in m. For Foot Unit : C t = 6.45×10^-6 (T m – 68 )L For Metric Unit : C t = 1.16
Flexible Mechanical Elements Flexible mechanical elements are defined as, " I nelastic elements to transmit power over large distances " . Purpose of using FME's is to simplify the design of a machine and reduce the cost . Used as replacement for gears, shafts, bearings, other rigid power-transmission devices. It can absorb shock loads and vibrations. Positive Drive ⇛ no slip between driver and driven component. Element Life ⇛ no infinite life and should be replaced at the first sign of deterioration (check wear, aging, loss of electricity). Performance of Different Transmission Types Belts or Belt Drives Belts are used where center distance between shafts is large. Pulley axes must be separated by a certain minimum distance (depend upon belt type and size) to operate properly. Because of belt flexibility and damping capability ⇛ reduce the transmission of unwanted shock and vibration between shafts. Power and torque capacities are limited by COF and inter
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are inclined to a plan
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