View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Frames and Machines
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Truss and it's Types:
Truss is a structure of connected elements forming triangular units, and a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss.
There are three types of truss and they are:
1. Simple Truss:
A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points.
2. Planar Truss:
Planar truss lies in single plane and typically used in parallel to form roofs and bridges.
3. Space Truss:
A space Truss consists of members joined together at their ends to form a stable three-dimensional structure.
Assumptions for Designing Truss:
To design the truss, we have two assumptions:
All loadings are applied at the joints.
The members are joined by smooth pins.
The Method of Joints:
In order to analyze or design a truss, it is necessary to determine the forces in each of its members. Method of joints consists of fool owing steps:
Truss is in equilibrium so does its joints.
Draw Free-body diagrams for each joint.
Apply the force equilibrium equations and obtain the required ones.
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
The Method of Sections:
By using the method of sections, you need to follow the instructions below:
Truss is in equilibrium so does the segments of truss.
Draw free Body diagram indicating all forces.
Cut the free Body diagram into its simple parts.
Apply the equilibrium equations to find the required forces and moments.
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
ΣMo = 0
Zero Force Members:
Zero-force members in a truss members which do not have any force in them. Zero-force members are used to increase the stability of the truss during construction and to provide added support of the loading is changed.
Frames:
Frames used to support loads which are often composed of pin-connected multi-force members that are subjected to more than two forces.
Machines:
Machines contain moving parts which are often composed of pin-connected multi-force members that are subjected to more than two forces.
Mechanical Injection System: Used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber. Fuel speed > air speed at delivery point to atomize fuel. Amount of fuel delivered into the air stream going into the engine is controlled by pump which forces the fuel under pressure. A device used to initiate and control the combustion process is called Mechanical Injection System. Functional Requirements of Injection System: Metering of Fuel: Used to control fuel to meet speed and load requirements of the engine. Injection Timing: Have proper injection timing to obtain max. power, fuel economy and proper burning. It is done by Camshaft or Push rod (Rocker Arm) Mechanism . Proper Control of Injection Rate: To get desired heat release pattern during combustion. Proper Atomization of Fuel: Proper making of droplets to make best Air/Fuel mixture. Proper Spray Pattern: Distribution of droplets to ensure rapid mixing of fuel & air. Uniform Distribut...
Gear Forming by Machining Formation of gear through machining consists of following methods: Form Milling by Disc Cutter Form Milling by End Mill Cutter Shaper, Planner and Slotter Broaching 1. Form Milling by Disc Cutter It is defined as, " Tooth is cut one by one by plunging the rotating cutter into the blank " . Each gear needs a separate cutter. 8 - 10 standard cutters are available for producing 12 - 120 teeth gears. Used for big spur gears of large pitch. 2. Form Milling by End Mill Cutter It includes the cutting of tooth at a time and then indexed for the next tooth space for cutting. For a small volume production of low precision gears. Set of 10 cutters ↠ 12 - 120 teeth gears . Used for teeth of large gears/module. To reduce cost, same cutter is often used for multiple sized gears resulting in profile errors . Characteristics: Use of Hardened stainless steels (HSS) form milling cutters. Use of Ordinary milling machines. Low production rate (need of indexing...
View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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