Radiation Heat Transfer

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View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge.  Photoshoped pics  are developed.  Some pics and GIF from Google.   Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Standardization

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Standardization

It is defined as, "producing maximum variety of products from the minimum variety of materials, tools, parts and processes".
    • Establishing standards of measure  ↔  by extent, quality, quantity, value, performance, etc.
Aims & Purpose of Standardization:
    • Design and production norms. 
    • Reduce variation in types and grades.
    • Achieve quality characteristics in raw material, semi-finished and finished product.
Benefits of Standardization:
    1. Better quality
    2. Loner life service 
    3. Easy availability or replacement or maintenance of parts
    4. Less time and effort required to manufacture.
Principles of Standardization:
    1. Consensus  ↔  general agreement 
    2. Involvement of all stake holders  ↔  for the preparation of any standard
    3. Openness to the public  ↔  standard open to public 
    4. State of the Art  ↔  Time based technical capability on the relevant consolidated findings of science, technology and experience.
    5. Coherence of standard collection  ↔  no conflicting standards.

Interchangeability 

It is defined as, "ability to select components for the assembly at random and fit them together within proper tolerance".
    1. Standard Development Center
    2. Quality Control Center
    3. Technical Services Center
    4. System Certifications Center

Application of Standards in Design and Manufacturing (Information = Design Process + Standard Specifications)

    • Support design and manufacturing through direct engineering.
        • Requires availability of documentation of existing designs.
    • Complete Description.
        • Have geometrical data (geometry, topology), technological data (dimensions, tolerance, material, surface finish, etc.) and physical characteristics of part.
    • Abundance of Information generated during design process.
        • Have product data management systems (which keeps info like design, manufacture, assemble, support, products).
    • Purpose
        • Have operational and manufacturing economies
        • Increase interchangeability of parts
        • Promote uniformity of product characteristics
    • Modern Views  ↔  Product life cycle
        • Design for environment
        • Green design or eco-design
        • Impact of products and their manufacturing 
        • Use of recyclable material
        • Less emission
Note:

References:

  • Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes and Systems by Groover + My knowledge. 
  • Photoshoped pics are developed. 
  • Some pics and GIF from Google.  
  • Videos from YouTube (Engineering Sights).

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