View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Fluidized Bed Combustion Technology
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Fluidized Bed Combustion Technology
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is defined as, "a combustion technology used to burn solid or low grade fuels".
Fuel particles are suspended in a hot bed of particulate materials (like ash, sand, limestone).
Since this allows coal plants to burn at cooler temperatures, less NOx is also emitted.
We have large coal reservoirs but it has high Sulphur content ↣ to deal with this issue, we have Fluidized Bed Combustion Technology.
This technology is used because:
Sulphur emission decreases by Lime.
NOx emission decreases by decrease in temperature.
Circulating Type Fluidized Bed Boiler
It is defined as, "a boiler which works on the fluidized bed combustion technology for producing heat". There are two types of Circulating Type Fluidized Bed (CFB) Boiler:
Circulating Type ↣ Particle velocity ranges between 5 - 10 m/s.
Bubbling Type ↣ Particle velocity ranges between 1 - 3 m/s.
Construction
Bed Drain Tube ↣ used to remove ash.
Grid Plate ↣ where combustion occurs.
Submerged Tube Bank ↣ for producing steam.
Plenum Chamber ↣ used for storing air.
Working
Air from fan enters furnace↣ pass through bed of finely divided particles (sand) ↣ air velocity increases, sand particles vibrate (which heat air)↣ desired fuel is added (first secondary then primary fuel is added) ↣ when self sustained temperature of coal is added, we cut primary fuel ↣ then coal is added ↣ initial combustion starts ↣ unburned coal particles leaves furnace ↣ Primary cyclone capturing then back into furnace.
Loop Seals ↣ maintains the pressure balance between the furnace and exit of the separators allowing the solid to flow back into the furnace.
High Performance particle steam heat exchanger ↣ Interax which extracts high temperature heat from hot particles in CFB to produce high temperature superheated steam.
Ques: What does fluidized means?
Ans: When air (or gas) is passed through finely divided bed of solid particles (sand), the particle remain undisturbed at low velocity. As velocity increase, particles start to vibrate remain suspended in air stream.
Fluidized combustion ↣ (840 - 950)℃ much lower than ash fusion temperature, ash and NOx reduces.
Ash can be used as Cement Raw Material.
Advantages
Very low quality fuel is used. Like coal, biomass, tyres).
Coal is used in coarse phase (not in powdered form).
Rankine Cycle Rankine cycle is an ideal cycle for Vapour Power Cycles and is normally used for Electricity Generation. The Rankine cycle consist of following steps: 1 ↝ 2 : Isentropic Compression in Pump. 2 ↝ 3 : Constant Pressure Heat Addition in Boiler. 3 ↝ 4 : IsentropicExpansion in Turbine. 4 ↝ 1 : Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser. Energy Balance: Since, all the devices which Rankine Cycle posses are steady flow devices, so the energy balance for Rankine cycle is: 》For Pump ( q = 0 ): 》For Boiler ( w = 0 ): 》For Turbine ( q = 0 ): 》For condenser ( w = 0 ): The thermal efficiency of Rankine Cycle is: How can we Increase the Efficiency of A Rankine Cycle: The efficiency of a Rankine cycle can be increased: Increasing the avg. temperate at which heat is added Decreasing the avg. Temperature at which heat is rejected. The above two objectives can be achieved by following three met...
Advance High Strength Steel Conventional low carbon mild steel has simpler ferritic structure (α-iron) and good ductility. Common type of HSS is High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) ⇥ has yield strength 550 - 690 N/sq.mm . Manganese ⇥ supporter (stabilizer) of ferrite. Conventional HSS : Is single-phase ferritic steel with a potential for some pearlite in C-Mn steel. Lower strain hardening capacity. Advance HSS : primarily steel with a microstructure containing a phase other than ferrite, pearlite, cementite. Higher strain hardening capacity. Case Study of Automobile There are three different zones in a car: Crumple Zone (Front & Back) Middle Compartment Safety Cage Some important points about these zones are: Crumple Zone ⇥ Made with those materials which absorb maximum amount of energy. Safety Cage ⇥ Multiple areas (like cabins, structural elements). Areas of Safety cage are described ahead: Cabins (Blue Areas) ⇥ Should have high streng...
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