View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
Material Engineering ↠ The study of the characteristics and uses of different materials such as metals, ceramics, composites, polymers that are employed in science and technology.
Material Science ↠ defines as the relationship between structures and properties.
It is process in which selection of an appropriate material in mechanical design is chosen after simulating under different loading conditions.
Stress Analysis can be done by using Ansys Software.
For mechanical properties of material ↠ click here.
Hardness
Hardness is defined as, "measures the material resistance to the local plastic deformation". The softer the material, the deeper is the indentation and the lower the hardness index number.
Hardness test are performed to find the properties of material because:
Simple and inexpensive.
Test is non-destructive (that means it cannot damage material).
Mechanical properties often are estimated from hardness.
Hardness Testing Technique
Brinell Test ↠ use 10 mm sphere of steel/tungsten carbide.
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
Types Of Lines And Its Uses: There are three types of types on the basis of thickness and they are: Visible Lines ↝ It represents features that can be seen in the current view. Hidden Lines ↝ It represents features that cannot be seen in the current view. Center Line ↝ It represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,, axis of asymmetrical parts. Dimension and Extension Lines ↝ It indicates the sizes and location of features on a drawing. Placement Of Dimension Lines: Dimension should be outside the view. Dimension should be applied to one view. Dimension should be placed in a view that shows the distance in its true length. Dimension lines should be placed, in general 10 mm (1/2 in) away from the outlines from the view. Parallel lines should be placed uniformly. Values should be midway (auto centered) between the arrow heads, except when a center-line interferes. Dime...
Pressure: Pressure is defined as: ' Normal force per unit area of body'. There are different pressures which we described ahead: Atmospheric Pressure ⟺ Pressure exerted by atmosphere. Absolute Pressure ⟺ The actual pressure at a given point. It is calculated with respect to absolute zero pressure. Gage Pressure ⟺ It is difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Vacuum Pressure ⟺ Pressure below atmospheric pressure. Pressure At A Point In A Fluid: For the pressure at a point in fluid, consider a triangular area of fluid. Consider a free body diagram with in a fluid mass. The force and weight components along Z-axis is given by: So, pressure at a point of a fluid at rest or motion is independent of direction as long as there are no shearing stresses present. Types Of Forces: There are two types of forces which are described ahead: Body Forces ⟺...
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