View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
Material Engineering ↠ The study of the characteristics and uses of different materials such as metals, ceramics, composites, polymers that are employed in science and technology.
Material Science ↠ defines as the relationship between structures and properties.
It is process in which selection of an appropriate material in mechanical design is chosen after simulating under different loading conditions.
Stress Analysis can be done by using Ansys Software.
For mechanical properties of material ↠ click here.
Hardness
Hardness is defined as, "measures the material resistance to the local plastic deformation". The softer the material, the deeper is the indentation and the lower the hardness index number.
Hardness test are performed to find the properties of material because:
Simple and inexpensive.
Test is non-destructive (that means it cannot damage material).
Mechanical properties often are estimated from hardness.
Hardness Testing Technique
Brinell Test ↠ use 10 mm sphere of steel/tungsten carbide.
Angles & Directions Angles are also called bearings. Bearings are the acute angles between lines and meridians. They are divided into following types. Related Terms : Meridian : Imaginary line joining North and South poles. Declination : Difference between magnetic and true meridians. Azimuth : Clockwise angle taken from Geodatic North. * If area is greater ➤ use Geodatic North * If area is smaller ➤ use Magnetic North Magnetic Declination maybe towards East or West. For east ➤ Magnetic bearing=true bearing - Declination For west ➤ Magnetic bearing=true bearing + Declination Forward Bearing : Bearing taken in the direction of traverse. Backward Bearing : Bearing taken in opposite direction of traverse. Forward bearing - Backward bearing=180 For anti-clockwise : FB of line = BB of previous line + angle Example: In an anti-clockwise traverse <A=102'30',...
Center of Gravity: It is defined as; The resultant weight of a system which passes through a single point is called Center of Gravity ( G ). Center of Mass: It is defined as; The point at which the whole mass of the system acts. The concept of center of mass is cleared from the video given below: Centroid of a Volume: Objects having three dimensions have the centroid which is its geometric centre. Centroid of an Area: Objects having two dimensions have the centroid which is its geometric centre. Centroid of a Line: Objects having linear dimensions have the centroid which is its geometric centre. Composite Bodies: A composite body consists of a series of connected simpler shaped Bodies which may be rectangular, triangular, semicircular, etc. References: www.youtube.com www.wikipedia.com http://web.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/statics/doc/friction/Friction1.htm From Book Engineering Mechanics sta...
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
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