View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Bending
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Bending:
It is defined as, "External loads that tends to bend any beam due to transverse loading".
Beams ↠ members that slender and support transverse loading acting perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.
Types of Beams:
There are three types of beams which are discussed ahead:
Simply Supported Beam ↠ having two supports at either end, one is pinned and other is roller.
Overhanging Beam ↠ if the end of beam extends beyond the support (having 2 supports).
Cantilever Beam ↠ beam which is supported at only one end i.e. one end is fixed and other is exposed beyond the support.
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Diffusion It is defined as, " The transportation of one atom from one state into other state " . Used for hardening of surfaces like die parts, gear, bolt, machine element. Hardening can be done using Temperature-Heat treatment ( diffusion couple ). There are two types of diffusion: Inter-diffusion ↔ in which atoms tend to migrate from region of high concentration to low concentration . Self-diffusion ↔ in which atoms migrate within a solid. Diffusion Mechanism There can be two conditions of moving atoms Empty spaces between adjacent sites. Atoms have sufficient energy to break bond with neighbors atoms which cause lattice distortion during displacement. If we rise temperature, small fractions of atoms is capable of diffusive motion (which cause lattice distortion). Types of Diffusion 1. Vacancy Diffusion It is defined as, " interchange of an atom from a normal lattice position to the adjacent vacant lattice site " . Extent of vacancy diffusion is a function...
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
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