View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Axial Loads
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Saint Venant's Principle:
It states that, "A system of forces applied to some segment of a solid body in equilibrium, produce stresses in the body that rapidly diminishes with increasing distance from the segment".
Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member:
To evaluate formula for deformation, consider diagram.
If system is statically indeterminate if it is held by more supports than are required to maintain its equilibrium (which creates more number of unknowns). We designate one of reactions as a Redundant to eliminate corresponding support.
Principle of Superposition states that: "Stress or displacements in complex loading are obtained by subdividing into components and later algebraically summing the stress or displacements caused by each load".
Conditions must be satisfied:
Loading must be linearly related to stress or displacement that is to be determined.
Loading must not significantly change the original geometry or configuration of member.
There are two types of analysis which are discussed ahead:
1. First Method of Analysis:
There are three steps for the First method of analysis for Indeterminate problem. Steps are given below:
Equilibrium equation.
Compatibility equation.
Stress-Strain relation or Deformation equation.
2. Flexibility or Force Method Analysis:
There are three steps for the Force method analysis for Indeterminate problem. Steps are given below:
Compatibility equation.
Stress-Strain relation or Deformation equation.
Equilibrium equation.
To solve statically indeterminate systems, consider following diagram:
Thermal Effects:
External loads are not the only source of stresses and strains in a structure. Thermal effects are commonly found in both mechanical and structural analysis (rise of stress and strain) that are open to atmosphere.
Changes in temperature, produce expansion or contraction of structural materials, resulting in thermal strain and stresses.
Thermal effects are more important in design of statically indeterminate structures than statically determinate ones.
References:
Material from Class Lectures + Book named Engineering Mechanics of Materials by R.C. Hibbeler (10th Edition) + my knowledge.
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
Types Of Lines And Its Uses: There are three types of types on the basis of thickness and they are: Visible Lines ↝ It represents features that can be seen in the current view. Hidden Lines ↝ It represents features that cannot be seen in the current view. Center Line ↝ It represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,, axis of asymmetrical parts. Dimension and Extension Lines ↝ It indicates the sizes and location of features on a drawing. Placement Of Dimension Lines: Dimension should be outside the view. Dimension should be applied to one view. Dimension should be placed in a view that shows the distance in its true length. Dimension lines should be placed, in general 10 mm (1/2 in) away from the outlines from the view. Parallel lines should be placed uniformly. Values should be midway (auto centered) between the arrow heads, except when a center-line interferes. Dime...
Pressure: Pressure is defined as: ' Normal force per unit area of body'. There are different pressures which we described ahead: Atmospheric Pressure ⟺ Pressure exerted by atmosphere. Absolute Pressure ⟺ The actual pressure at a given point. It is calculated with respect to absolute zero pressure. Gage Pressure ⟺ It is difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Vacuum Pressure ⟺ Pressure below atmospheric pressure. Pressure At A Point In A Fluid: For the pressure at a point in fluid, consider a triangular area of fluid. Consider a free body diagram with in a fluid mass. The force and weight components along Z-axis is given by: So, pressure at a point of a fluid at rest or motion is independent of direction as long as there are no shearing stresses present. Types Of Forces: There are two types of forces which are described ahead: Body Forces ⟺...
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