View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Kinetics Of A Particle: Force & Acceleration
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Kinetics:
It is the branch of dynamics that deals with the relationship between the change in motion of a body the cause which changes it.
The base of kinetics is Newton's Second law of motion (F = ma).
Theory of Relativity → placed limitations on 2nd law of motion for describing particle motion.
Equations of motion fails to predict exact behavior of particle when it reaches speed of light 0.3 Gm/s.
There are two types of diagram which are described as follows:
Kinetic Diagram → shows inertial forces or net forces of body.
Free Body Diagram (FBD) → show all external forces on body.
If inertia force vector is treated in the same way as force vector → Equilibrium state is called Dynamic Equilibrium.
There are two types of frame of references but we are discussing only one which is:
Newtonian or Inertial Frame of Reference → state of rest or uniform velocity. Newton's laws only valid for non-rotating and non-accelerating reference system which is translating with constant velocity.
General Procedure For Problem Solving:
Select a convenient inertial coordinate system which can be rectangular, normal and tangential or cylindrical coordinates.
Draw FBD showing all external forces.
Draw the kinetic diagram showing inertia force, ma.
Apply equations of motion in scalar form.
Identify the unknowns and solve equation.
Kinematic relation may be applied
Equation Of Motion For a System Of Particles:
Equation of particle is valid for isolated system. Important points are:
Only for inertial frame of references.
Unbalanced force cause acceleration.
Inertial frame of reference does not rotate.
Applying equation of motion:
Mass → resistance to change in velocity (absolute quantity).
When all the forces acting on the particle can be resolved into cylindrical components easily.
Applying equation of motion, we get:
Frictional force always act along tangent in opposite direction.
The angle between tangent and radial line is given by:
Force on a system of particle is totally described as:
References:
Material from Class Lectures + Book named Engineering Mechanics Statics & Dynamics by R.C. Hibbeler (12th Edition) + from YouTube channel named Yiheng Wang for Engineering Dynamics Mechanics + my knowledge.
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Pressure: Pressure is defined as: ' Normal force per unit area of body'. There are different pressures which we described ahead: Atmospheric Pressure ⟺ Pressure exerted by atmosphere. Absolute Pressure ⟺ The actual pressure at a given point. It is calculated with respect to absolute zero pressure. Gage Pressure ⟺ It is difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Vacuum Pressure ⟺ Pressure below atmospheric pressure. Pressure At A Point In A Fluid: For the pressure at a point in fluid, consider a triangular area of fluid. Consider a free body diagram with in a fluid mass. The force and weight components along Z-axis is given by: So, pressure at a point of a fluid at rest or motion is independent of direction as long as there are no shearing stresses present. Types Of Forces: There are two types of forces which are described ahead: Body Forces ⟺...
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