View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Introduction to Statics
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Statics:
It is the branch of physics which deals with the analysis of load on physical systems which they are at rest.
Some topics related to Statics:
》 Space:
Space is a boundless, 3 dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and havery relative position and direction.
》 Time:
Time is a part of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change such as the motions of object.
》 Mass:
It refers to the properties of matter which is equivalent to inertial mass, active gravitational mass and passive gravitational mass.
》 Force:
It is an influence which can change the state of rest or motion of an object.
》 Particle:
A particle is a small localized object having mass and volume.
》 Rigid Bodies:
Bodies which don't deform under load are called Rigid Bodies. It is the only supposition in Statics.
Types of Forces:
There are three types of forces, namely;
1. External Force.
2. Internal Force.
3. Constraint Force.
And, they are further divided as:
Causes of Force:
There are many causes of force which are as follows:
1. Constact Force
2. Friction
3. Gravitation
4. Electrostatics or magnetism, etc
Force Measuring Instruments:
Force can be measured by using :
1. Spring Balance
2. Load Cells ( high accuracy, measure weight with electric signals ), etc.
System of Forces:
There are three systems of forces, which are as follows:
1. Coplanar force system:
It is defined as;
Forces which are acting in same plane.
2. Collinear force system:
It is defined as;
Forces which are acting on the same line of action (axis).
3. Concurrent force system:
It is defined as;
Forces acting on the same point.
Principle of Transmissibility:
A force may be applied at any point in its given line of action without altering the resultant effects of the force external to the rigid body on which it acts.
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
Strain Transformation Principal Strain and stresses can occur in the same directions. Material Properties Relation (Young, bulk Rigidity Modulus) ⇼ Hooke's Law General State of Strain ⇼ Є X , Є Y , Є Z and ૪ X , ૪ Y , ૪ Z . Stress (normal or shear)/ Strain (normal or shear) ⇼ vary with element orientation. Transformation equations for Plane strain derived from: Interpretation of Experimental measurements Represent in graphical form for plane strain (Mohr's Circle). Geometry and independent of material properties. Mohr's Circle It is defined as., " A graphical method for determining normal and shear Shear stresses without using the stress transformation equations " . While considering the circle CCW ⇼ Shear strain positive upward & Normal strain positive towards right. The construction of Mohr's circle (with normal and shear stresses are known) is quite easy which include following steps: Draw a set o...
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