View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Introduction to Statics
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Statics:
It is the branch of physics which deals with the analysis of load on physical systems which they are at rest.
Some topics related to Statics:
》 Space:
Space is a boundless, 3 dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and havery relative position and direction.
》 Time:
Time is a part of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change such as the motions of object.
》 Mass:
It refers to the properties of matter which is equivalent to inertial mass, active gravitational mass and passive gravitational mass.
》 Force:
It is an influence which can change the state of rest or motion of an object.
》 Particle:
A particle is a small localized object having mass and volume.
》 Rigid Bodies:
Bodies which don't deform under load are called Rigid Bodies. It is the only supposition in Statics.
Types of Forces:
There are three types of forces, namely;
1. External Force.
2. Internal Force.
3. Constraint Force.
And, they are further divided as:
Causes of Force:
There are many causes of force which are as follows:
1. Constact Force
2. Friction
3. Gravitation
4. Electrostatics or magnetism, etc
Force Measuring Instruments:
Force can be measured by using :
1. Spring Balance
2. Load Cells ( high accuracy, measure weight with electric signals ), etc.
System of Forces:
There are three systems of forces, which are as follows:
1. Coplanar force system:
It is defined as;
Forces which are acting in same plane.
2. Collinear force system:
It is defined as;
Forces which are acting on the same line of action (axis).
3. Concurrent force system:
It is defined as;
Forces acting on the same point.
Principle of Transmissibility:
A force may be applied at any point in its given line of action without altering the resultant effects of the force external to the rigid body on which it acts.
Reynolds Number: Reynolds Number is the ratio of Inertial forces to the Viscous forces. By knowing this number, one can describe the flow whether the flow is laminar, turbulent or transitional flow. There are three possibilities of the range of Reynolds Number: If Reynolds number < 2100 or 2300 ⟺ Laminar Flow If Reynolds number > 4000 ⟺ Turbulent Flow If 2300 < Reynolds number < 4000 ⟺ Transitional Flow In case of different shapes other than circle, the formula for Reynolds Number remain the same however diameter involves in the formula become Hydraulic Diameter which is given by: For pipe: Critical Reynolds Number ⟾ The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent Re cr For different shapes, the hydraulic diameters are given by: Completely Filled Flow In Closed Channel: If pipe is is considered to filled completely with closed channel, then following are the conditions which...
Intersection Of Solids: Solids are obtained by the combination of of two or more basic solids. When two or more solids combine, a definite curve/line is seen at their intersection. This curve/line is called curve/line of intersection (COI / LOI) and it is the result of inter-penetration of solids. Applications Of Intersection Of Solids: Designing a sheet metal objects. Automobile Parts. Moulding patterns. Forged end of connecting road. Intersection of two contacting surface, etc. Inter-Penetration Of Solids: When one solids penetrates another solids then their surfaces intersect and at the junction of intersection a typical curve is formed, which remains common to both solids. This curve is called Curve of Intersection and it is a result of inter-penetration of solids. Cases Of Intersection Of Solids: First we need to discuss the general solution steps of how we draw intersection of solids diagram. So know, we are going to discuss the basic steps:...
Types Of Lines And Its Uses: There are three types of types on the basis of thickness and they are: Visible Lines ↝ It represents features that can be seen in the current view. Hidden Lines ↝ It represents features that cannot be seen in the current view. Center Line ↝ It represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,, axis of asymmetrical parts. Dimension and Extension Lines ↝ It indicates the sizes and location of features on a drawing. Placement Of Dimension Lines: Dimension should be outside the view. Dimension should be applied to one view. Dimension should be placed in a view that shows the distance in its true length. Dimension lines should be placed, in general 10 mm (1/2 in) away from the outlines from the view. Parallel lines should be placed uniformly. Values should be midway (auto centered) between the arrow heads, except when a center-line interferes. Dime...
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