View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Introduction to Statics
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Statics:
It is the branch of physics which deals with the analysis of load on physical systems which they are at rest.
Some topics related to Statics:
》 Space:
Space is a boundless, 3 dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and havery relative position and direction.
》 Time:
Time is a part of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change such as the motions of object.
》 Mass:
It refers to the properties of matter which is equivalent to inertial mass, active gravitational mass and passive gravitational mass.
》 Force:
It is an influence which can change the state of rest or motion of an object.
》 Particle:
A particle is a small localized object having mass and volume.
》 Rigid Bodies:
Bodies which don't deform under load are called Rigid Bodies. It is the only supposition in Statics.
Types of Forces:
There are three types of forces, namely;
1. External Force.
2. Internal Force.
3. Constraint Force.
And, they are further divided as:
Causes of Force:
There are many causes of force which are as follows:
1. Constact Force
2. Friction
3. Gravitation
4. Electrostatics or magnetism, etc
Force Measuring Instruments:
Force can be measured by using :
1. Spring Balance
2. Load Cells ( high accuracy, measure weight with electric signals ), etc.
System of Forces:
There are three systems of forces, which are as follows:
1. Coplanar force system:
It is defined as;
Forces which are acting in same plane.
2. Collinear force system:
It is defined as;
Forces which are acting on the same line of action (axis).
3. Concurrent force system:
It is defined as;
Forces acting on the same point.
Principle of Transmissibility:
A force may be applied at any point in its given line of action without altering the resultant effects of the force external to the rigid body on which it acts.
Mechanical Injection System: Used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber. Fuel speed > air speed at delivery point to atomize fuel. Amount of fuel delivered into the air stream going into the engine is controlled by pump which forces the fuel under pressure. A device used to initiate and control the combustion process is called Mechanical Injection System. Functional Requirements of Injection System: Metering of Fuel: Used to control fuel to meet speed and load requirements of the engine. Injection Timing: Have proper injection timing to obtain max. power, fuel economy and proper burning. It is done by Camshaft or Push rod (Rocker Arm) Mechanism . Proper Control of Injection Rate: To get desired heat release pattern during combustion. Proper Atomization of Fuel: Proper making of droplets to make best Air/Fuel mixture. Proper Spray Pattern: Distribution of droplets to ensure rapid mixing of fuel & air. Uniform Distribut...
Gear Forming by Machining Formation of gear through machining consists of following methods: Form Milling by Disc Cutter Form Milling by End Mill Cutter Shaper, Planner and Slotter Broaching 1. Form Milling by Disc Cutter It is defined as, " Tooth is cut one by one by plunging the rotating cutter into the blank " . Each gear needs a separate cutter. 8 - 10 standard cutters are available for producing 12 - 120 teeth gears. Used for big spur gears of large pitch. 2. Form Milling by End Mill Cutter It includes the cutting of tooth at a time and then indexed for the next tooth space for cutting. For a small volume production of low precision gears. Set of 10 cutters ↠ 12 - 120 teeth gears . Used for teeth of large gears/module. To reduce cost, same cutter is often used for multiple sized gears resulting in profile errors . Characteristics: Use of Hardened stainless steels (HSS) form milling cutters. Use of Ordinary milling machines. Low production rate (need of indexing...
View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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