View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Friction
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Friction And it's Characteristics:
It is defined as;
A force which resists the movement of two contacting surface that slide relative to one another.
The force always acts tangent to the point of contact and is directed opposite to the existing motion between the surfaces.
Types of Dry Friction Problems:
There three types of problems of Dry Friction:
1. No Apparent Impending Motion:
The body is about to slip. For the body not to slip Fs ≥ Us N, otherwise the body may slip. Only equilibrium equations are used.
2. Impending Motion at all Points of Contact:
In this scenario, equilibrium equations as well as frictional motion equation are used.
3. Impending Motion at some Points of Contact:
The body might get slip. In this scenario, number of unknowns are less than the equilibrium and frictional motion equation.
Impending Motion:
Impending motion refers to the state just before the surfaces start to slip.
Tipping Effect:
The effect in which body rotate and fall on its side when the moment due to pushing force becomes greater than the moment due to the force of gravity.
Mpushing force ＞ Mgravity force
Difference Between Slipping and Tipping of a Body:
1. Slipping Effect:
When the pushing force will exceed the maximum static friction force and the box will begin to slide across the surface.
Fpushing force ＞ Ffrictional force
2. Tipping Effect:
When the pushing force and the friction force will create a strong enough couple that the box will rotate and fall on its side.
Mpushing force ＞ Mgravity force
Tipping Point:
When a body's center of gravity is above the area formed by the support base, the normal force can provide the necessary moment to remain in rotational equilibrium.
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
Mechanical Injection System: Used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber. Fuel speed > air speed at delivery point to atomize fuel. Amount of fuel delivered into the air stream going into the engine is controlled by pump which forces the fuel under pressure. A device used to initiate and control the combustion process is called Mechanical Injection System. Functional Requirements of Injection System: Metering of Fuel: Used to control fuel to meet speed and load requirements of the engine. Injection Timing: Have proper injection timing to obtain max. power, fuel economy and proper burning. It is done by Camshaft or Push rod (Rocker Arm) Mechanism . Proper Control of Injection Rate: To get desired heat release pattern during combustion. Proper Atomization of Fuel: Proper making of droplets to make best Air/Fuel mixture. Proper Spray Pattern: Distribution of droplets to ensure rapid mixing of fuel & air. Uniform Distribut...
Types Of Lines And Its Uses: There are three types of types on the basis of thickness and they are: Visible Lines ↝ It represents features that can be seen in the current view. Hidden Lines ↝ It represents features that cannot be seen in the current view. Center Line ↝ It represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,, axis of asymmetrical parts. Dimension and Extension Lines ↝ It indicates the sizes and location of features on a drawing. Placement Of Dimension Lines: Dimension should be outside the view. Dimension should be applied to one view. Dimension should be placed in a view that shows the distance in its true length. Dimension lines should be placed, in general 10 mm (1/2 in) away from the outlines from the view. Parallel lines should be placed uniformly. Values should be midway (auto centered) between the arrow heads, except when a center-line interferes. Dime...
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