View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Equilibrium of a Particle and Force System Resultants
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Equilibrium of a Particle
Equilibrium:
A particle is said to be in equilibrium if it remains at rest or moving with constant velocity and does not rotate about any axis.
This condition of rest or moving with constant velocity is also called Static Equilibrium.
Coplanar Force Systems:
If a particle is subjected to a system of coplanar forces that lie in the x-y plane then every forces can be resolved into its components.
Since, it is 2D so the equilibrium equations are:
Σ Fx = 0
Σ Fy = 0
3D Force System:
In case of three-dimensional force system, we can resolve the forces into their respective rectangular components.
So the equations of equilibrium are:
Σ Fx = 0
Σ Fy = 0
Σ Fz = 0
Force System Resultants
When a force is applied to a body it will produce a tendency of rotation of body about a point which us not on the line of action of force.
Moment of a Force (Scalar Formulation):
In this sense, the momen is considered as scalar and us calculated as:
Moment = (Force) × (Moment Arm)
M = Fd
Cross Product Formulation of Moment of A Force:
The moment of a force will be formulated using Cartesian vectors is given by:
Principle of Moment:
Principle of moment or Varignon's Theorem states that:
The moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of the moments of the components of the force about that point.
This method is generally easier than finding the same moment using M = Fd.
Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis:
To determine the turning effect of a force, we can use scalar or vector analysis.
1. Scalar Analysis:
By using the scalar analysis of Turning effect of a force, we have:
M = Fd
2. Vector Analysis:
The vector analysis of moment of a force about an axis is given by:
Couple:
It is defined as:
Two parallel forces that have the same magnitude bit opposite directions and are separated by a distance (d).
Moment of Couple:
The moment produced by a couple is called Moment of a Couple.
We determine the moment of Couple of a system by the algebraic sum of moments acted on the object, which is given by:
M = Ma + Mb
Couple moment is a free vector, so it only depends on the position vector between the forces.
There are two analysis of formulating couple moment:
1. Scalar Formulation:
The moment of Couple by using scalar Formulation is given by :
M = Fd
2. Vector Formulation:
The moment of Couple by using vector Formulation is given by:
M = r × FΣ
Equivalent Couples:
If two couples produce a moment with the same magnitude and direction, then these two couples are equivalent.
Resultant Couple Moment:
Since, couple moments are vectors, their resultant can be determined by vector addition.
M = Σ(r × F)
Or
Resultant Force = ΣF
Resultant Moment = ΣM at origin + ΣM
Or
Resultant Force along x = ΣFx
Resultant Force along y = ΣFy
Resultant Moment at O = ΣMo + ΣM
Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading:
A uniformly distributed load is a load that is distributed or spread across the whole region of an element. In other words, the magnitude of the load remains uniform throughout the whole element.
Magnitude of Resultant Force:
The Magnitude of resultant force Fr is equivalent to the sum of all the forces in the system, which is given by:
Location of Resultant Force:
The location of force or the geometric center or centroid of the area under the distributed loading is given by:
And, the location of centroid of area under distributive loading for different shapes are:
Mechanical Injection System: Used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber. Fuel speed > air speed at delivery point to atomize fuel. Amount of fuel delivered into the air stream going into the engine is controlled by pump which forces the fuel under pressure. A device used to initiate and control the combustion process is called Mechanical Injection System. Functional Requirements of Injection System: Metering of Fuel: Used to control fuel to meet speed and load requirements of the engine. Injection Timing: Have proper injection timing to obtain max. power, fuel economy and proper burning. It is done by Camshaft or Push rod (Rocker Arm) Mechanism . Proper Control of Injection Rate: To get desired heat release pattern during combustion. Proper Atomization of Fuel: Proper making of droplets to make best Air/Fuel mixture. Proper Spray Pattern: Distribution of droplets to ensure rapid mixing of fuel & air. Uniform Distribut...
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ENGINEERING SURVEY Surveying is the science, art and technology of determine the relative positions of points above, on or beneath the Earth's surface so as to construct a map, plan or description. TYPES OF SURVEY : There are many types of survey but we discuss some of them. 1. Plane & Geodatic Survey : Ordinary field and topographical surveying in which the Curvature of Earth's surface is disregarded is called Plane Survey. It is performed when the area is smaller than 250sq.km. A survey of a large land area in which corrections are made for the Curvature of Earth's surface is called Geodatic survey. Why Geodatic Survey is important? Earth's surface is not flat, it is sphere. So all the calculations which were made by considering the Earth's surface flat are incorrect. So a new type of survey came into play which made calculations on the basis of geodatic condition of Earth's surface. 2. Topographic Survey : Topographic surv...
You can better get Engineering statics material from YouTube by the same name engineering statics
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