View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
It obtains its power by utilizing the energy of burnt gases and air which is at high temp and pressure by expanding through the several ring of fixed and moving blades.
It is similar to Steam Turbine but it uses Gas instead of Steam.
Turbine drives the compressor (as they are coupled to each other by a shaft).
Compressor absorbs power produced by turbine (lowers efficiency).
Compressor utilizes 40-45% of total power produced by Turbine.
A simple gas turbine cycle consists of:
Compressor
Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Steps:
Inlet (air comes in) → Compressed to a very high pressure (by compressor, Cpair) → which goes to combustion chamber where it burns (Cpgas) → produce combustion gases → hit turbine blades → it starts rotating → electricity produce → flue gases leaves the gas turbine.
Limitations:
When burning not started, compressor is run by an external source.
Small size, mass and initial cost per unit output.
Quick starting (as low as 10 Seconds) or Remote Control.
It uses variety of liquids/gases fuels including gasified coal, synthesis fuels.
Disadvantages:
Large compressor work input.
Brayton Cycle
It is the Ideal cycle for Gas Turbine Engines.
Notes:
Common design, pressure ratio of gas turbines (rp) ranges from 11 to 16.
In gas turbine powerplants, "Ratio of Compressor Work to Turbine Work is called Back Work Ratio" is very high.
Mostly,
Compressor Work Output = 0.5 x Turbine Work Output
Types of Gas Turbines
Open Cycle Gas Turbine → No Condenser (Cooler/Heat Exchanger), less efficient, greater emissions.
Closed Cycle Gas Turbine → Have Condenser.
Combined Cycle Power Plant
It couples two power cycles such that the energy discharged by heat transfer from one cycle is used partly as the input for the other cycle.
Temperature in a dry bottom cycle does not exceed 600℃ (Exit Boiler Temp).
High thermal irreversibility and a decrease in availability because of heat transfer from combustion gases to steam through such a large temp difference.
Types of Combined Cycle Power Plant
Gas Turbine-Steam Turbine Power Plant (GT-ST Power Plant)
Gas Turbine-Stirling Engine Power Plant
Diesel-Steam Turbine Power Plant (mostly in Textile Industry)
GT-ST Combined Cycle Power Plant With Supplementary Fuel Combustion
Major components used in GT-ST Power Plant:
Gas Turbine
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Steam Turbine
Brayton Cycle is at the Top (High temp gas turbine power plant) while Rankine Cycle is at the bottom (Lower temp steam turbine power plant).
Steam Turbine utilizes the energy from the gas turbine exhaust as its input.
If temperature of the exhaust gas from GT is not up to mark (for desired power output), we use combustion chamber called Supplementary Combustion of Fuel.
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
Strain Transformation Principal Strain and stresses can occur in the same directions. Material Properties Relation (Young, bulk Rigidity Modulus) ⇼ Hooke's Law General State of Strain ⇼ Є X , Є Y , Є Z and ૪ X , ૪ Y , ૪ Z . Stress (normal or shear)/ Strain (normal or shear) ⇼ vary with element orientation. Transformation equations for Plane strain derived from: Interpretation of Experimental measurements Represent in graphical form for plane strain (Mohr's Circle). Geometry and independent of material properties. Mohr's Circle It is defined as., " A graphical method for determining normal and shear Shear stresses without using the stress transformation equations " . While considering the circle CCW ⇼ Shear strain positive upward & Normal strain positive towards right. The construction of Mohr's circle (with normal and shear stresses are known) is quite easy which include following steps: Draw a set o...
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