View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Engine Cooling Systems
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Necessity Of Engine Cooling:
If there is no engine cooling system in a car, it might reaches higher temperature which can important components burn gasket, delivery lines.
If no engine cooling system, lubrication oil can change its composition.
High temperature attainment can reduce the strength of piston, cylinder lining, etc.
Engine cooling is required to keep the temperature low to increase volumetric efficiency, reduce engine failure.
Demerits Of Over-Cooling:
Disadvantages of over-cooling are:
Starting of engine becomes difficult.
Reduction in engine life.
Inadequate lubrication of engine.
Improper vaporization of fuel.
Demerits Of Under-Cooling:
Disadvantages of under-cooling are:
Reduction in life of piston and cylinders due to the attainment of high temperature.
Under cooled engine lead to pre-ignition of fuel in SI engines.
Composition of lube oil may change.
Effects of Operating Variables on Engine Heat Transfer:
Compression Ratio ↣ if compression ratio is greater than mean total volume of engine is increased which increase the compression and expansion. Due to greater expansion temperature of gas is reduced, thereby decrease in heat transfer happened.
F/A Ratio ↣ At 1.2 equivalence ratio, maximum gas temperature reaches and maximum heat rejection occurs.
Engine Load or Speed ↣ With the increase in engine speed, the temperature of engine increases which increase the heat rejection.
Ignition Timing ↣ When the spark advance is different from the optimum value, the heat rejected is increased.
Cooling Systems:
There are two types of Engine Cooling Systems which are given below:
Air Cooling System ↣ Used fins(on the outer surface of engine) on which air strikes and cooling happens.
Water/Liquid Cooling System ↣ Used liquid (mostly water) for cooling.
Water Cooling Systems are further divided into different types which are explained below:
1. Thermosyphon Cooling System:
Cooling is independent of engine speed.
The circulation of water starts only after the engine has become hot enough to cause thermosyphon effect.
Radiator should be above engine for flow of water to be cooled under force of gravity.
2. Forced or Pump Cooling System:
Water is continuously flow into engine by centrifugal pump operated by engine.
Thermostat is used to control water temperature.
If the temperature of water does not cross the pre-determine temperature of thermal expansion of thermostat, the water is continuously flowing through pump into engine.
If the temperature of water cross the pre-determine temperature of thermal expansion of thermostat, the water is cooled first by passing it through radiator and then flow into engine by means of pump.
3. Evaporative Cooling System:
Water from tank is flowed by pump into engine for cooling.
When water is heated, it is allowed to flow through pipe into radiator where vapors moves up and is cooled (condensed) by flowing water through jackets.
This system is only for stationary engines.
4. Pressurized Water Cooling System:
The rate of heat transfer depends upon the temperature difference between bodies, surface area and conductivity of materials.
To reduce the size of radiator, the cooling system is sealed from atmosphere and is kept under certain pressure.
In this case temperature of boiling water increases as the pressure on it is raised.
This allow the greater heat transfer due to greater temperature difference.
Main Components Of Water Cooling System:
Following are the main components of water cooling system:
1. If engine cooling system fails to operate, it will destroy you sensors, engine components, wiring which connects fuse, sensors and ECU can be damaged. Because if engine cooling system doesn't work, it will result in increase in temperature which can cause advance combustion which can damage our engine furthermore. 2. Engine Cylinders are cooled by flowing liquid ( normally water but in some cases oil ) through water jackets. Water Jackets are small hole on the engine block located near to engines cylinders for cooling.
Introduction To Structural OR Concrete Design Beams must have adequate strength against different types of failure which are: Shear more dangerous than Flexural (or Bending) failure because it creates additional tensile stresses. E.g.: Airplane wing (act as cantilever beam ) and made of Nanocomposites, composites, aluminum. Following are the types of failures in Beam: Flexural (or bending) failure Diagonal Tension failure Shear-Tension failure Shear-Compression failure Following are the types of Shear : Longitudinal Shear Transverse Shear Shear Failure Diagonal Tension Failure ↠ Shear failure of reinforced concrete beam (difficult to predict). Only valid for Homogenous beams . When we apply load on beam ↠ Bending as well as Shear stresses are produced. Shear stress have maximum value at Neutral axis N.A. Bending stress have maximum value at Extreme fibers. At maximum bending stress ↠ shear stress = 0 . Assumptions for shear stresses i...
Strain Energy or Resilence It is defined as, " energy absorbed in a body when deformation is done on material " . Depend on Material . Strain Energy Density is defined as, " strain energy per unit volume " . Independent of material . Used to tell which deformation component is greater with direction. If greater in specific direction ↔ crack propagates in that direction. Stress (in Dynamic effect) > Stress (in Static effect) Types of Loading Energy Conservation It states that, " Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can transfer in other forms " . We only deal with mechanical energy. External work = internal energy or strain energy . If this external force is in elastic limit, strain energy restores body back to its original undeformed position. Note: For Castigliano's Theorem ↔ See Energy Method . With the application of force on Car chassis , How it behaves? References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Engineering Mec...
Gear Generation by Machining Tooth profile is provided by much simpler form cutting tool through hobbing, gear shaping. It involves the following methods: Gear Hobbing Gear Shaping 1. Gear Hobbing It is defined as, " a machining process in which gear teeth are progressively generated by a series of cuts with a helical cutting tool " . Most accurate machining process. Used for gears production because it has excellent surface finish. Continuous Indexing Process ↠ in which both cutting tool and workpiece rotate in constant relationship while hob is being fed into work. Feed Directions The direction of feed during hobbing operation depends upon the type of gear to be cut. Following are the types of feed directions: Axial Feeding ↠ cutting spur and helical gears (Hob axis is parallel to Blank axis). Radial Feeding ↠ for bevel gears (Hob axis is perpendicular to Blank axis). Tangential Feeding ↠ for worm, straight, spiral...
1. What will happen when the engine cooling system fails to cool engine components which are to be cooled?
ReplyDelete2. How engine cylinders are cooled?
1. If engine cooling system fails to operate, it will destroy you sensors, engine components, wiring which connects fuse, sensors and ECU can be damaged. Because if engine cooling system doesn't work, it will result in increase in temperature which can cause advance combustion which can damage our engine furthermore.
ReplyDelete2. Engine Cylinders are cooled by flowing liquid ( normally water but in some cases oil ) through water jackets. Water Jackets are small hole on the engine block located near to engines cylinders for cooling.