View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Intersection Of Solids
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Intersection Of Solids:
Solids are obtained by the combination of of two or more basic solids. When two or more solids combine, a definite curve/line is seen at their intersection. This curve/line is called curve/line of intersection (COI / LOI) and it is the result of inter-penetration of solids.
Applications Of Intersection Of Solids:
Designing a sheet metal objects.
Automobile Parts.
Moulding patterns.
Forged end of connecting road.
Intersection of two contacting surface, etc.
Inter-Penetration Of Solids:
When one solids penetrates another solids then their surfaces intersect and at the junction of intersection a typical curve is formed, which remains common to both solids. This curve is called Curve of Intersection and it is a result of inter-penetration of solids.
Cases Of Intersection Of Solids:
First we need to discuss the general solution steps of how we draw intersection of solids diagram. So know, we are going to discuss the basic steps:
One solids will be standing on HP and the other will penetrate horizontally.
Draw three views of standing solid, name views as per the illustrations.
Beginning with side view, draw three views of penetrating solids also, mark number of points and name those.
The points which are on the standard generators or edges of standing solids, (in S.V) can be marked on respective generators in F.V and T.V. And other points from S.V should be brought to T.V first and then projecting upward to F.V.
dark and dotted line's decision should be taken by observation side view from it's right side as shown by arrows. Accordingly those should be joined by curvature or straight lines.
Example # 01:
A cylinder 50 mm dia and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated into another of 40 mm dia and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect and bisect each other. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Example # 02:
A cylinder 50 mm dia and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated square prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect and bisect each other. All faces of prism are equally inclined to HP. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Example # 03:
A cone of 70 mm base diameter and 90 mm axis is completely penetrated square prism from top with its axis // to cone's axis 5 mm away from it. A vertical plane containing both axes is parallel to V.P. Take all faces of square prism equally inclined to V.P. Base side of prism is 10 mm and axis is 100 mm long. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Advance High Strength Steel Conventional low carbon mild steel has simpler ferritic structure (α-iron) and good ductility. Common type of HSS is High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) ⇥ has yield strength 550 - 690 N/sq.mm . Manganese ⇥ supporter (stabilizer) of ferrite. Conventional HSS : Is single-phase ferritic steel with a potential for some pearlite in C-Mn steel. Lower strain hardening capacity. Advance HSS : primarily steel with a microstructure containing a phase other than ferrite, pearlite, cementite. Higher strain hardening capacity. Case Study of Automobile There are three different zones in a car: Crumple Zone (Front & Back) Middle Compartment Safety Cage Some important points about these zones are: Crumple Zone ⇥ Made with those materials which absorb maximum amount of energy. Safety Cage ⇥ Multiple areas (like cabins, structural elements). Areas of Safety cage are described ahead: Cabins (Blue Areas) ⇥ Should have high streng...
Mechanical Properties : Strength of material depends on the ability to sustain load without deformation and failure. Measure of Stress ⇔ defines the Strength of material . Measure of Strain ⇔ gives magnitude of Deformation . Applications: Aircraft Manufacturing ⇔ Aluminium alloys or Carbon-reinforced composites are used (because of light weight, strength and able to withstand cyclic mechanical loading ). Honey based composites. Steel used in building (have adequate strength ). Bio-compatible Titanium alloy ⇔ for Bone implantment (have strength and toughness). Scratch Resist coating ⇔ resist abrasion on Optical lenses . Modes of Failure: Abrasion ⇔ Damaging material by means of rubbing . Erosion ⇔ Removing of surface particles due to the hitting of high velocity particles (which transfer K.E.). Corrosion ⇔ Oxidation of metal. Steps for Selection of Mate...
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