View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Intersection Of Solids
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Intersection Of Solids:
Solids are obtained by the combination of of two or more basic solids. When two or more solids combine, a definite curve/line is seen at their intersection. This curve/line is called curve/line of intersection (COI / LOI) and it is the result of inter-penetration of solids.
Applications Of Intersection Of Solids:
Designing a sheet metal objects.
Automobile Parts.
Moulding patterns.
Forged end of connecting road.
Intersection of two contacting surface, etc.
Inter-Penetration Of Solids:
When one solids penetrates another solids then their surfaces intersect and at the junction of intersection a typical curve is formed, which remains common to both solids. This curve is called Curve of Intersection and it is a result of inter-penetration of solids.
Cases Of Intersection Of Solids:
First we need to discuss the general solution steps of how we draw intersection of solids diagram. So know, we are going to discuss the basic steps:
One solids will be standing on HP and the other will penetrate horizontally.
Draw three views of standing solid, name views as per the illustrations.
Beginning with side view, draw three views of penetrating solids also, mark number of points and name those.
The points which are on the standard generators or edges of standing solids, (in S.V) can be marked on respective generators in F.V and T.V. And other points from S.V should be brought to T.V first and then projecting upward to F.V.
dark and dotted line's decision should be taken by observation side view from it's right side as shown by arrows. Accordingly those should be joined by curvature or straight lines.
Example # 01:
A cylinder 50 mm dia and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated into another of 40 mm dia and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect and bisect each other. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Example # 02:
A cylinder 50 mm dia and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated square prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect and bisect each other. All faces of prism are equally inclined to HP. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Example # 03:
A cone of 70 mm base diameter and 90 mm axis is completely penetrated square prism from top with its axis // to cone's axis 5 mm away from it. A vertical plane containing both axes is parallel to V.P. Take all faces of square prism equally inclined to V.P. Base side of prism is 10 mm and axis is 100 mm long. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Mechanical Injection System: Used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber. Fuel speed > air speed at delivery point to atomize fuel. Amount of fuel delivered into the air stream going into the engine is controlled by pump which forces the fuel under pressure. A device used to initiate and control the combustion process is called Mechanical Injection System. Functional Requirements of Injection System: Metering of Fuel: Used to control fuel to meet speed and load requirements of the engine. Injection Timing: Have proper injection timing to obtain max. power, fuel economy and proper burning. It is done by Camshaft or Push rod (Rocker Arm) Mechanism . Proper Control of Injection Rate: To get desired heat release pattern during combustion. Proper Atomization of Fuel: Proper making of droplets to make best Air/Fuel mixture. Proper Spray Pattern: Distribution of droplets to ensure rapid mixing of fuel & air. Uniform Distribut...
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
ENGINEERING SURVEY Surveying is the science, art and technology of determine the relative positions of points above, on or beneath the Earth's surface so as to construct a map, plan or description. TYPES OF SURVEY : There are many types of survey but we discuss some of them. 1. Plane & Geodatic Survey : Ordinary field and topographical surveying in which the Curvature of Earth's surface is disregarded is called Plane Survey. It is performed when the area is smaller than 250sq.km. A survey of a large land area in which corrections are made for the Curvature of Earth's surface is called Geodatic survey. Why Geodatic Survey is important? Earth's surface is not flat, it is sphere. So all the calculations which were made by considering the Earth's surface flat are incorrect. So a new type of survey came into play which made calculations on the basis of geodatic condition of Earth's surface. 2. Topographic Survey : Topographic surv...
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