View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Intersection Of Solids
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Intersection Of Solids:
Solids are obtained by the combination of of two or more basic solids. When two or more solids combine, a definite curve/line is seen at their intersection. This curve/line is called curve/line of intersection (COI / LOI) and it is the result of inter-penetration of solids.
Applications Of Intersection Of Solids:
Designing a sheet metal objects.
Automobile Parts.
Moulding patterns.
Forged end of connecting road.
Intersection of two contacting surface, etc.
Inter-Penetration Of Solids:
When one solids penetrates another solids then their surfaces intersect and at the junction of intersection a typical curve is formed, which remains common to both solids. This curve is called Curve of Intersection and it is a result of inter-penetration of solids.
Cases Of Intersection Of Solids:
First we need to discuss the general solution steps of how we draw intersection of solids diagram. So know, we are going to discuss the basic steps:
One solids will be standing on HP and the other will penetrate horizontally.
Draw three views of standing solid, name views as per the illustrations.
Beginning with side view, draw three views of penetrating solids also, mark number of points and name those.
The points which are on the standard generators or edges of standing solids, (in S.V) can be marked on respective generators in F.V and T.V. And other points from S.V should be brought to T.V first and then projecting upward to F.V.
dark and dotted line's decision should be taken by observation side view from it's right side as shown by arrows. Accordingly those should be joined by curvature or straight lines.
Example # 01:
A cylinder 50 mm dia and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated into another of 40 mm dia and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect and bisect each other. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Example # 02:
A cylinder 50 mm dia and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated square prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect and bisect each other. All faces of prism are equally inclined to HP. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Example # 03:
A cone of 70 mm base diameter and 90 mm axis is completely penetrated square prism from top with its axis // to cone's axis 5 mm away from it. A vertical plane containing both axes is parallel to V.P. Take all faces of square prism equally inclined to V.P. Base side of prism is 10 mm and axis is 100 mm long. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Types Of Lines And Its Uses: There are three types of types on the basis of thickness and they are: Visible Lines ↝ It represents features that can be seen in the current view. Hidden Lines ↝ It represents features that cannot be seen in the current view. Center Line ↝ It represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,, axis of asymmetrical parts. Dimension and Extension Lines ↝ It indicates the sizes and location of features on a drawing. Placement Of Dimension Lines: Dimension should be outside the view. Dimension should be applied to one view. Dimension should be placed in a view that shows the distance in its true length. Dimension lines should be placed, in general 10 mm (1/2 in) away from the outlines from the view. Parallel lines should be placed uniformly. Values should be midway (auto centered) between the arrow heads, except when a center-line interferes. Dime...
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
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