View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Intersection Of Solids
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Intersection Of Solids:
Solids are obtained by the combination of of two or more basic solids. When two or more solids combine, a definite curve/line is seen at their intersection. This curve/line is called curve/line of intersection (COI / LOI) and it is the result of inter-penetration of solids.
Applications Of Intersection Of Solids:
Designing a sheet metal objects.
Automobile Parts.
Moulding patterns.
Forged end of connecting road.
Intersection of two contacting surface, etc.
Inter-Penetration Of Solids:
When one solids penetrates another solids then their surfaces intersect and at the junction of intersection a typical curve is formed, which remains common to both solids. This curve is called Curve of Intersection and it is a result of inter-penetration of solids.
Cases Of Intersection Of Solids:
First we need to discuss the general solution steps of how we draw intersection of solids diagram. So know, we are going to discuss the basic steps:
One solids will be standing on HP and the other will penetrate horizontally.
Draw three views of standing solid, name views as per the illustrations.
Beginning with side view, draw three views of penetrating solids also, mark number of points and name those.
The points which are on the standard generators or edges of standing solids, (in S.V) can be marked on respective generators in F.V and T.V. And other points from S.V should be brought to T.V first and then projecting upward to F.V.
dark and dotted line's decision should be taken by observation side view from it's right side as shown by arrows. Accordingly those should be joined by curvature or straight lines.
Example # 01:
A cylinder 50 mm dia and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated into another of 40 mm dia and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect and bisect each other. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Example # 02:
A cylinder 50 mm dia and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated square prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect and bisect each other. All faces of prism are equally inclined to HP. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Example # 03:
A cone of 70 mm base diameter and 90 mm axis is completely penetrated square prism from top with its axis // to cone's axis 5 mm away from it. A vertical plane containing both axes is parallel to V.P. Take all faces of square prism equally inclined to V.P. Base side of prism is 10 mm and axis is 100 mm long. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
Introduction To Structural OR Concrete Design Beams must have adequate strength against different types of failure which are: Shear more dangerous than Flexural (or Bending) failure because it creates additional tensile stresses. E.g.: Airplane wing (act as cantilever beam ) and made of Nanocomposites, composites, aluminum. Following are the types of failures in Beam: Flexural (or bending) failure Diagonal Tension failure Shear-Tension failure Shear-Compression failure Following are the types of Shear : Longitudinal Shear Transverse Shear Shear Failure Diagonal Tension Failure ↠ Shear failure of reinforced concrete beam (difficult to predict). Only valid for Homogenous beams . When we apply load on beam ↠ Bending as well as Shear stresses are produced. Shear stress have maximum value at Neutral axis N.A. Bending stress have maximum value at Extreme fibers. At maximum bending stress ↠ shear stress = 0 . Assumptions for shear stresses i...
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
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