View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
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Rigid Bodies:
Bodies which don't deform under load are called Rigid Bodies. It is the only supposition in Statics.
Conditions for Rigid Bodies Equilibrium:
Condition for equilibrium of rigid Bodies are:
If the total force on a rigid body is zero then the body shows translational equilibrium as the linear momentum remains unchanged.
If the total torque on a rigid body is zero then the body showa rotational equilibrium as the angular momentum remains unchanged.
Free Body Diagrams:
While solving a problem in statics, we should draw free Body diagram in order to make problem even more easier.
Reaction of Connection In 2D plane:
Types of connection, reaction and number of unknowns for different connections are given by:
Equations of Equilibrium (2D):
When the body is subjected to a system of forces, which all lie in the x-y plane, then the forces can be resolved into their x abd y components. So, the conditions for equilibrium are:
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
ΣMo = 0
Two-Force Members:
A two force member is a body that has forces (only forces, no moments) acting on it in only two locations.
Three-Force Members:
A three-force member is a rigid body with no force couple acted upon by three forced at three different locations.
Reactions of Connections in 3D Plane:
Types of connection, reaction and number of unkowns for different connections are given by:
Equations of Equilibrium (3D):
When the body is subjected to a system of forces, which all lie in 3-dimensional plane, then the forces and moments can be resolved into their x, y and z components. So, the conditions for equilibrium are:
Gear Generation by Machining Tooth profile is provided by much simpler form cutting tool through hobbing, gear shaping. It involves the following methods: Gear Hobbing Gear Shaping 1. Gear Hobbing It is defined as, " a machining process in which gear teeth are progressively generated by a series of cuts with a helical cutting tool " . Most accurate machining process. Used for gears production because it has excellent surface finish. Continuous Indexing Process ↠ in which both cutting tool and workpiece rotate in constant relationship while hob is being fed into work. Feed Directions The direction of feed during hobbing operation depends upon the type of gear to be cut. Following are the types of feed directions: Axial Feeding ↠ cutting spur and helical gears (Hob axis is parallel to Blank axis). Radial Feeding ↠ for bevel gears (Hob axis is perpendicular to Blank axis). Tangential Feeding ↠ for worm, straight, spiral...
Introduction To Structural OR Concrete Design Beams must have adequate strength against different types of failure which are: Shear more dangerous than Flexural (or Bending) failure because it creates additional tensile stresses. E.g.: Airplane wing (act as cantilever beam ) and made of Nanocomposites, composites, aluminum. Following are the types of failures in Beam: Flexural (or bending) failure Diagonal Tension failure Shear-Tension failure Shear-Compression failure Following are the types of Shear : Longitudinal Shear Transverse Shear Shear Failure Diagonal Tension Failure ↠ Shear failure of reinforced concrete beam (difficult to predict). Only valid for Homogenous beams . When we apply load on beam ↠ Bending as well as Shear stresses are produced. Shear stress have maximum value at Neutral axis N.A. Bending stress have maximum value at Extreme fibers. At maximum bending stress ↠ shear stress = 0 . Assumptions for shear stresses i...
Strain Energy or Resilence It is defined as, " energy absorbed in a body when deformation is done on material " . Depend on Material . Strain Energy Density is defined as, " strain energy per unit volume " . Independent of material . Used to tell which deformation component is greater with direction. If greater in specific direction ↔ crack propagates in that direction. Stress (in Dynamic effect) > Stress (in Static effect) Types of Loading Energy Conservation It states that, " Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can transfer in other forms " . We only deal with mechanical energy. External work = internal energy or strain energy . If this external force is in elastic limit, strain energy restores body back to its original undeformed position. Note: For Castigliano's Theorem ↔ See Energy Method . With the application of force on Car chassis , How it behaves? References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Engineering Mec...
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