View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
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Rigid Bodies:
Bodies which don't deform under load are called Rigid Bodies. It is the only supposition in Statics.
Conditions for Rigid Bodies Equilibrium:
Condition for equilibrium of rigid Bodies are:
If the total force on a rigid body is zero then the body shows translational equilibrium as the linear momentum remains unchanged.
If the total torque on a rigid body is zero then the body showa rotational equilibrium as the angular momentum remains unchanged.
Free Body Diagrams:
While solving a problem in statics, we should draw free Body diagram in order to make problem even more easier.
Reaction of Connection In 2D plane:
Types of connection, reaction and number of unknowns for different connections are given by:
Equations of Equilibrium (2D):
When the body is subjected to a system of forces, which all lie in the x-y plane, then the forces can be resolved into their x abd y components. So, the conditions for equilibrium are:
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
ΣMo = 0
Two-Force Members:
A two force member is a body that has forces (only forces, no moments) acting on it in only two locations.
Three-Force Members:
A three-force member is a rigid body with no force couple acted upon by three forced at three different locations.
Reactions of Connections in 3D Plane:
Types of connection, reaction and number of unkowns for different connections are given by:
Equations of Equilibrium (3D):
When the body is subjected to a system of forces, which all lie in 3-dimensional plane, then the forces and moments can be resolved into their x, y and z components. So, the conditions for equilibrium are:
Advance High Strength Steel Conventional low carbon mild steel has simpler ferritic structure (α-iron) and good ductility. Common type of HSS is High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) ⇥ has yield strength 550 - 690 N/sq.mm . Manganese ⇥ supporter (stabilizer) of ferrite. Conventional HSS : Is single-phase ferritic steel with a potential for some pearlite in C-Mn steel. Lower strain hardening capacity. Advance HSS : primarily steel with a microstructure containing a phase other than ferrite, pearlite, cementite. Higher strain hardening capacity. Case Study of Automobile There are three different zones in a car: Crumple Zone (Front & Back) Middle Compartment Safety Cage Some important points about these zones are: Crumple Zone ⇥ Made with those materials which absorb maximum amount of energy. Safety Cage ⇥ Multiple areas (like cabins, structural elements). Areas of Safety cage are described ahead: Cabins (Blue Areas) ⇥ Should have high streng...
Air-Standard Cycle Assumptions: The actual cycle is rather more complicated so we deduce it by considering following assumptions: The working fluid is air which continuously flow in a closed loop and act as ideal gas. All process are internally reversible . Combustion process is replaced by Heat addition process. Exhaust process is replaced by Heat rejection process. Here we are discussing 4 main cycles, namely: Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Heat Addition Cycle Diesel Cycle or Constant Pressure Heat Addition Cycle Dual Cycle Brayton Cycle 1. Otto Cycle or Constant Volume Heat Addition Cycle: The information about the diagram is given by: 1 ➤ 2: Isentropic Compression 2 ➤ 3: Constant Volume Heat Addition 3 ➤ 4: Isentropic Expansion 4 ➤ 1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection A. Efficiency of Otto Cycle: The efficiency of Otto Cycle is given by clicking the picture below: B. Work Output of Otto Cycle: The work output of ...
Rankine Cycle Rankine cycle is an ideal cycle for Vapour Power Cycles and is normally used for Electricity Generation. The Rankine cycle consist of following steps: 1 ↝ 2 : Isentropic Compression in Pump. 2 ↝ 3 : Constant Pressure Heat Addition in Boiler. 3 ↝ 4 : IsentropicExpansion in Turbine. 4 ↝ 1 : Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser. Energy Balance: Since, all the devices which Rankine Cycle posses are steady flow devices, so the energy balance for Rankine cycle is: 》For Pump ( q = 0 ): 》For Boiler ( w = 0 ): 》For Turbine ( q = 0 ): 》For condenser ( w = 0 ): The thermal efficiency of Rankine Cycle is: How can we Increase the Efficiency of A Rankine Cycle: The efficiency of a Rankine cycle can be increased: Increasing the avg. temperate at which heat is added Decreasing the avg. Temperature at which heat is rejected. The above two objectives can be achieved by following three met...
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