View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
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Rigid Bodies:
Bodies which don't deform under load are called Rigid Bodies. It is the only supposition in Statics.
Conditions for Rigid Bodies Equilibrium:
Condition for equilibrium of rigid Bodies are:
If the total force on a rigid body is zero then the body shows translational equilibrium as the linear momentum remains unchanged.
If the total torque on a rigid body is zero then the body showa rotational equilibrium as the angular momentum remains unchanged.
Free Body Diagrams:
While solving a problem in statics, we should draw free Body diagram in order to make problem even more easier.
Reaction of Connection In 2D plane:
Types of connection, reaction and number of unknowns for different connections are given by:
Equations of Equilibrium (2D):
When the body is subjected to a system of forces, which all lie in the x-y plane, then the forces can be resolved into their x abd y components. So, the conditions for equilibrium are:
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
ΣMo = 0
Two-Force Members:
A two force member is a body that has forces (only forces, no moments) acting on it in only two locations.
Three-Force Members:
A three-force member is a rigid body with no force couple acted upon by three forced at three different locations.
Reactions of Connections in 3D Plane:
Types of connection, reaction and number of unkowns for different connections are given by:
Equations of Equilibrium (3D):
When the body is subjected to a system of forces, which all lie in 3-dimensional plane, then the forces and moments can be resolved into their x, y and z components. So, the conditions for equilibrium are:
Rankine Cycle Rankine cycle is an ideal cycle for Vapour Power Cycles and is normally used for Electricity Generation. The Rankine cycle consist of following steps: 1 ↝ 2 : Isentropic Compression in Pump. 2 ↝ 3 : Constant Pressure Heat Addition in Boiler. 3 ↝ 4 : IsentropicExpansion in Turbine. 4 ↝ 1 : Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser. Energy Balance: Since, all the devices which Rankine Cycle posses are steady flow devices, so the energy balance for Rankine cycle is: 》For Pump ( q = 0 ): 》For Boiler ( w = 0 ): 》For Turbine ( q = 0 ): 》For condenser ( w = 0 ): The thermal efficiency of Rankine Cycle is: How can we Increase the Efficiency of A Rankine Cycle: The efficiency of a Rankine cycle can be increased: Increasing the avg. temperate at which heat is added Decreasing the avg. Temperature at which heat is rejected. The above two objectives can be achieved by following three met...
Welded Joints A permanent joint which is obtained by the friction of edges of two parts to be joined, with or without the application of pressure and a filler material. Used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting and forging . Used as a repair medium . If filler material is used ↠ Strength of Joint > Base metal strength . If filler not used ↠ Joint strength < Base metal strength . Grinding Finish ↠ Welding at top and bottom off the plate. Machining Finish ↠ Welding at bottom surface after welding machining operation. Want to learn more about welded joint, click here . Designing of Butt Joint Design of Lap Joint or Fillet Joint Lap or Fillet joint is " formed by the overlapping of plates and then welding the edges of plates " . There are two types of fillet joints: Single and Double Transverse Fillet Joints ↣ are designed for tensile loading. Parallel Fillet Joints ↣ are designe...
Gear Forming by Machining Formation of gear through machining consists of following methods: Form Milling by Disc Cutter Form Milling by End Mill Cutter Shaper, Planner and Slotter Broaching 1. Form Milling by Disc Cutter It is defined as, " Tooth is cut one by one by plunging the rotating cutter into the blank " . Each gear needs a separate cutter. 8 - 10 standard cutters are available for producing 12 - 120 teeth gears. Used for big spur gears of large pitch. 2. Form Milling by End Mill Cutter It includes the cutting of tooth at a time and then indexed for the next tooth space for cutting. For a small volume production of low precision gears. Set of 10 cutters ↠ 12 - 120 teeth gears . Used for teeth of large gears/module. To reduce cost, same cutter is often used for multiple sized gears resulting in profile errors . Characteristics: Use of Hardened stainless steels (HSS) form milling cutters. Use of Ordinary milling machines. Low production rate (need of indexing...
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