View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Energy, Energy Transfer and Energy Analysis
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Forms of Energy
Macroscopic Form of Energy:
The energy which a body posses by its whole that it is measured with respect to some outside reference frame.
Microscopic Form of Energy:
The energy which is related to the molecular structure of a system and a degree of molecular activity. These energies are independent of the outside reference frame.
kinetic and Potential Energies:
Kinetic energy is defined as the energy related to motion of the body.
Potential energy is defined as the energy associated with the position of the body.
Total Energy of a System:
In the absence of magnetic, electric and surface tension effects, the total energy of a system consist of sum of internal, potential and kinetic energies.
Volume, Mass and Energy Flow Rate:
Volume flowing through area per unit time is called Volume Flow Rate.
Amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time is called Mass Flow Rate.
Energy associated with a fluid at mass flow rate is called Energy Flow Rate.
Mechanical Energy:
The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly by a device. Like kinetic energy, potential energy, pressure, e.t.c.
Energy Transfer by Heat:
It is a boundary phenomena in which energy transfer take place due to the difference in temperature of bodied.
Energy Transfer by Work:
Energy transfer take place due to the force acting a distance.
Shaft Work or Mechanical Work:
Spring Work:
It is a mechanical work in which work is done due to spring.
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Law of Conservation of Energy states that;
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transfered from one form to another.
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Solid Mechanics OR Mechanics of Materials OR Strength of Materials: It is the study of mechanics of body i.e. forces and their effects on deformable solids under different loading conditions. Deformable Body Mechanics: It is the study of non-rigid solid structures which deform under load. Deformation/Distortion ⇾ change of shape and size OR have some relative displacement or rotation of particles. It happens when we apply combined load. Rigid Body Motion ⇾ Translation or rotation of particles but having constant distance between particles. Since deformation occur at particular load. Below this load, every body is considered as rigid body . Types of Load: Point Load ⇾ Load apply on a single point i.e. concentrated load. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) ⇾ Load remains uniform throughout an area of element like beam. Varying Distributed Load (VDL) ⇾ Load varies with length with constant rate. Moment ⇾ It measures the tend...
Strain Transformation Principal Strain and stresses can occur in the same directions. Material Properties Relation (Young, bulk Rigidity Modulus) ⇼ Hooke's Law General State of Strain ⇼ Є X , Є Y , Є Z and ૪ X , ૪ Y , ૪ Z . Stress (normal or shear)/ Strain (normal or shear) ⇼ vary with element orientation. Transformation equations for Plane strain derived from: Interpretation of Experimental measurements Represent in graphical form for plane strain (Mohr's Circle). Geometry and independent of material properties. Mohr's Circle It is defined as., " A graphical method for determining normal and shear Shear stresses without using the stress transformation equations " . While considering the circle CCW ⇼ Shear strain positive upward & Normal strain positive towards right. The construction of Mohr's circle (with normal and shear stresses are known) is quite easy which include following steps: Draw a set o...
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