View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Energy, Energy Transfer and Energy Analysis
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Forms of Energy
Macroscopic Form of Energy:
The energy which a body posses by its whole that it is measured with respect to some outside reference frame.
Microscopic Form of Energy:
The energy which is related to the molecular structure of a system and a degree of molecular activity. These energies are independent of the outside reference frame.
kinetic and Potential Energies:
Kinetic energy is defined as the energy related to motion of the body.
Potential energy is defined as the energy associated with the position of the body.
Total Energy of a System:
In the absence of magnetic, electric and surface tension effects, the total energy of a system consist of sum of internal, potential and kinetic energies.
Volume, Mass and Energy Flow Rate:
Volume flowing through area per unit time is called Volume Flow Rate.
Amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time is called Mass Flow Rate.
Energy associated with a fluid at mass flow rate is called Energy Flow Rate.
Mechanical Energy:
The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly by a device. Like kinetic energy, potential energy, pressure, e.t.c.
Energy Transfer by Heat:
It is a boundary phenomena in which energy transfer take place due to the difference in temperature of bodied.
Energy Transfer by Work:
Energy transfer take place due to the force acting a distance.
Shaft Work or Mechanical Work:
Spring Work:
It is a mechanical work in which work is done due to spring.
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Law of Conservation of Energy states that;
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transfered from one form to another.
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
TAPING CORRECTIONS There are two types of corrections depending upon the type of errors in tape due to the different conditions. 1. Systematic Errors : Slope Erroneous tape length Temperature Tension Sag 2. Random Errors : Slope Alignment Marking & Plumbing Temperature Tension & Sag 1. Temperature Correction It is necessary to apply this correction, since the length of a tape is increased as its temperature is raised, and consequently, the measured distance is too small. It is given by the formula, C t = 𝛼 (T m – T o )L Where, C t = the correction for temperature, in m. 𝛼 = the coefficient of thermal expansion. T m = the mean temperature during measurement. T o = the tempe...
Types Of Lines And Its Uses: There are three types of types on the basis of thickness and they are: Visible Lines ↝ It represents features that can be seen in the current view. Hidden Lines ↝ It represents features that cannot be seen in the current view. Center Line ↝ It represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,, axis of asymmetrical parts. Dimension and Extension Lines ↝ It indicates the sizes and location of features on a drawing. Placement Of Dimension Lines: Dimension should be outside the view. Dimension should be applied to one view. Dimension should be placed in a view that shows the distance in its true length. Dimension lines should be placed, in general 10 mm (1/2 in) away from the outlines from the view. Parallel lines should be placed uniformly. Values should be midway (auto centered) between the arrow heads, except when a center-line interferes. Dime...
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