View Factor Orientation (or View factor or shape factor) plays an important role in radiation heat transfer. View factor is defined as, "fraction of radiation leaving surface 'i' and strike 'j' ". Summation Rule (View Factor) If there is are similar surfaces 'i' and 'j' , then: Blackbody Radiation Exchange Radiation Exchange between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray surfaces in an Enclosure 1. Opaque 2. Surfaces 3. Two surface enclosure Radiation Shield It is used to protect surfaces from radiation act like a reflective surface. References: Material from Class Lectures + Book named Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Theodore L. Bergman + My knowledge. Photoshoped pics are developed. Some pics and GIF from Google. Videos from YouTube ( Engineering Sights ).
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Energy, Energy Transfer and Energy Analysis
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Forms of Energy
Macroscopic Form of Energy:
The energy which a body posses by its whole that it is measured with respect to some outside reference frame.
Microscopic Form of Energy:
The energy which is related to the molecular structure of a system and a degree of molecular activity. These energies are independent of the outside reference frame.
kinetic and Potential Energies:
Kinetic energy is defined as the energy related to motion of the body.
Potential energy is defined as the energy associated with the position of the body.
Total Energy of a System:
In the absence of magnetic, electric and surface tension effects, the total energy of a system consist of sum of internal, potential and kinetic energies.
Volume, Mass and Energy Flow Rate:
Volume flowing through area per unit time is called Volume Flow Rate.
Amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time is called Mass Flow Rate.
Energy associated with a fluid at mass flow rate is called Energy Flow Rate.
Mechanical Energy:
The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly by a device. Like kinetic energy, potential energy, pressure, e.t.c.
Energy Transfer by Heat:
It is a boundary phenomena in which energy transfer take place due to the difference in temperature of bodied.
Energy Transfer by Work:
Energy transfer take place due to the force acting a distance.
Shaft Work or Mechanical Work:
Spring Work:
It is a mechanical work in which work is done due to spring.
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Law of Conservation of Energy states that;
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transfered from one form to another.
Welded Joints A permanent joint which is obtained by the friction of edges of two parts to be joined, with or without the application of pressure and a filler material. Used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting and forging . Used as a repair medium . If filler material is used ↠ Strength of Joint > Base metal strength . If filler not used ↠ Joint strength < Base metal strength . Grinding Finish ↠ Welding at top and bottom off the plate. Machining Finish ↠ Welding at bottom surface after welding machining operation. Want to learn more about welded joint, click here . Designing of Butt Joint Design of Lap Joint or Fillet Joint Lap or Fillet joint is " formed by the overlapping of plates and then welding the edges of plates " . There are two types of fillet joints: Single and Double Transverse Fillet Joints ↣ are designed for tensile loading. Parallel Fillet Joints ↣ are designe...
Projection: The term Projection is defined as: Presentation of an image or an object on a surface. The principles used to graphically represent 3-D objects and structures on 2-D media and it based on two variables: Line of Sight. Plane of Projection. Line of Sight & Plane of Projection: Line of sight is divided into 2 types: Parallel Projection Converging Projection & A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the lines of sight is projected. Orthographic Projection: When the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The lines pf sight of the observer create a view on the screen. The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection (POP). The lines of sight are called Projection lines or projectors. Rules of Orthographic Projection: Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines. Edges that are incl...
Gear Forming by Machining Formation of gear through machining consists of following methods: Form Milling by Disc Cutter Form Milling by End Mill Cutter Shaper, Planner and Slotter Broaching 1. Form Milling by Disc Cutter It is defined as, " Tooth is cut one by one by plunging the rotating cutter into the blank " . Each gear needs a separate cutter. 8 - 10 standard cutters are available for producing 12 - 120 teeth gears. Used for big spur gears of large pitch. 2. Form Milling by End Mill Cutter It includes the cutting of tooth at a time and then indexed for the next tooth space for cutting. For a small volume production of low precision gears. Set of 10 cutters ↠ 12 - 120 teeth gears . Used for teeth of large gears/module. To reduce cost, same cutter is often used for multiple sized gears resulting in profile errors . Characteristics: Use of Hardened stainless steels (HSS) form milling cutters. Use of Ordinary milling machines. Low production rate (need of indexing...
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